{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:27:52Z","timestamp":1768678072350,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/V004123\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/V004123\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Research in the global field of artificial intelligence is increasingly hybrid in orientation. Researchers are beholden to the requirements of multiple intersecting spheres, such as scholarly, public, and commercial, each with their own language and logic. Relatedly, collaboration across disciplinary, sector and national borders is increasingly expected, or required. Using a dataset of 93,482 artificial intelligence publications, this article operationalises scholarly, public, and commercial spheres through citations, news mentions, and patent mentions, respectively. High performing publications (99th percentile) for each metric were separated into eight categories of influence. These comprised four blended categories of influence (news, patents and citations; news and patents; news and citations; patents and citations) and three single categories of influence (citations; news; patents), in addition to the \u2018Other\u2019 category of non-high performing publications. The article develops and applies two components of a new hybridity lens: evaluative hybridity and generative hybridity. Using multinomial logistic regression, selected aspects of knowledge production \u2013 research context, focus, artefacts, and collaborative configurations \u2013 were examined. The results elucidate key characteristics of knowledge production in the artificial intelligence field and demonstrate the utility of the proposed lens. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231180577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T07:58:01Z","timestamp":1688716681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Investigating hybridity in artificial intelligence research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2882-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3249-0190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Policy Institute, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029231"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988815"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpi.2013.12.006"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2009.05.001"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Ahmed N, Wahed M (2020) The De-democratization of AI: Deep Learning and the Compute Divide in Artificial Intelligence Research. DOI: 10.48550\/ARXIV.2010.15581. Publisher: arXiv Version Number: 1."},{"key":"bibr6-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019829575"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022428802287"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/5f65ff7e-en"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473921511"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517231180577","first-page":"133","volume":"2","author":"Battilana J","year":"2017","journal-title":"The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2014.09.005"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884920947535"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(17)30039-9"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306618.3314285"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w24449"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-006-9046-0"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33767\/osf.io\/28pnx"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.hep.8300047"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.10635"},{"key":"bibr20-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211039493"},{"key":"bibr21-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0024-5"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Gargiulo F, Fontaine S, Dubois M, et al. (2022) A meso-scale cartography of the AI ecosystem. DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.2212.12263. ArXiv:2212.12263 [physics]."},{"key":"bibr23-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-1991-5"},{"key":"bibr24-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01284-z"},{"key":"bibr25-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-014-1261-3"},{"key":"bibr26-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3570254"},{"key":"bibr27-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-013-1221-3"},{"key":"bibr28-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2"},{"key":"bibr29-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Jurowetzki R, Hain D, Mateos-Garcia J, et al. (2021) The Privatization of AI Research(-ers): Causes and Potential Consequences \u2013 From university\u2013industry interaction to public research brain\u2013drain? DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.2102.01648. ArXiv:2102.01648 [cs]."},{"key":"bibr30-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Kazuyuki M (2020) Science and Technology Co-evolution in AI: Empirical Understanding through a Linked Dataset of Scientific Articles and Patents. Technical report, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"bibr31-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3698698"},{"key":"bibr32-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/libr.1981.31.1.294"},{"key":"bibr33-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551519877049"},{"key":"bibr34-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211047734"},{"key":"bibr35-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-020-00195-9"},{"key":"bibr36-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312718772086"},{"key":"bibr37-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Motohashi K (2018) Understanding AI driven innovation by linked database of scientific articles and patents."},{"key":"bibr38-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5050066"},{"key":"bibr39-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29024\/joa.14"},{"key":"bibr40-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Roemer RC, Borchardt R (2015) Meaningful metrics: a 21st century librarian\u2019s guide to bibliometrics, altmetrics, and research impact. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries, A division of the American Library Association. ISBN 978-0-8389-8755-1."},{"key":"bibr41-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Samoili S, Cobo ML, Delipetrev B, et al. (2021) AI Watch. Defining Artificial Intelligence 2.0. Towards an operational definition and taxonomy of AI for the AI landscape. Technical report, Joint Research Centre (Seville site)."},{"key":"bibr42-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Saran S, Natarajan N, Srikumar M (2018) In pursuit of autonomy: AI and national strategies. Observer Research Foundation."},{"key":"bibr43-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211040197"},{"key":"bibr44-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Siebert M, Kohler C, Scerri A, et al. (2018) Technical Background and Methodology for the Elsevier\u2019s Artificial Intelligence Report."},{"key":"bibr45-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631289019003001"},{"key":"bibr46-20539517231180577","unstructured":"Stark D (2011) The sense of dissonance. In: The Sense of Dissonance. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"bibr47-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1355"},{"key":"bibr48-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/210361"},{"key":"bibr49-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199601936.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr50-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5446"},{"key":"bibr51-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reseval\/rvaa001"},{"key":"bibr52-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scipol\/scac004"},{"key":"bibr53-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022667923715"},{"key":"bibr54-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3375627.3375827"},{"key":"bibr55-20539517231180577","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-018-2662-5"}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517231180577","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517231180577","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517231180577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T01:43:47Z","timestamp":1740793427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517231180577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517231180577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517231180577","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"article-number":"20539517231180577"}}