{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:09Z","timestamp":1777455909128,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-03363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-03363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V511-G29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V511-G29"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this piece, which frames the special issue, \u201cThe State of Google Critique and Intervention,\u201d we provide an overview of research focusing on Google as an object of critical study, fleshing out the European interventions that actively attempt to address its dominance. The article begins by mapping out key areas of articulating a Google critique, from the initial focus on ranking and profiling to the subsequent scrutiny of user exploitation and competitive imbalance. As such, it situates the contributions to this special issue concerning search engine bias and discrimination, the ethics of Google Autocomplete, Google's content moderation, the commodification of engine audiences and the political economy of technical systems in a broader history of Google criticism. It then proceeds to contextualize the European developments that put forward alternatives and draws attention to legislative efforts to curb the influence of big tech. We conclude by identifying a few avenues for continued critical study, such as Google's infrastructural bundling of generative artificial intelligence with existing products, to emphasize the importance of intervention in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231191528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T13:43:34Z","timestamp":1690465414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Advancing search engine studies: The evolution of Google critique and intervention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Mager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology Assessment, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-4000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ov Cristian","family":"Norocel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gender Studies, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Media Studies, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"bibr1-20539517231191528","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Allhutter D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Big Data"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr2-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/01622439211030007","volume":"47","author":"Barais J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science, Technology, & Human Values"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14650045.2022.2151902","author":"Baur A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geopolitics"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517231191528","volume-title":"Race after Technology","author":"Benjamin R","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211017308"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517231191528","volume-title":"The New Spirit of Capitalism","author":"Boltanski L","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X","volume-title":"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine","author":"Brin S","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517231191528","unstructured":"Chee FY (2022) Google loses challenge against EU antitrust decision, other probes loom,\n                      Reuters\n                      , 14 September. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/eu-courts-wed-ruling-record-44-bln-google-fine-may-set-precedent-2022-09-14\/ (Accessed June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr9-20539517231191528","volume-title":"Networks of Control. A Report on Corporate Surveillance, Digital Tracking, Big Data & Privacy","author":"Christl W","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478007098"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517231191528","volume-title":"Democracy on the internet: Platform councils as an advisory tool for social media","author":"Efferenn F","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443713483794"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517231191528","volume-title":"Profiling Machines","author":"Elmer G","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517231191528","volume-title":"Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor","author":"Eubanks V","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972241003712215"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32855\/fcapital.201101.006"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31269\/triplec.v10i2.443"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X9000900302"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517231191528","unstructured":"Google (2023) Bard Experiment,\n                      Alphabet\n                      . https:\/\/bard.google.com\/ (Accessed June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr20-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231156518"},{"key":"bibr21-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231158997"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41694-2_1"},{"key":"bibr23-20539517231191528","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Hindman M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association"},{"key":"bibr24-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240050133634"},{"key":"bibr25-20539517231191528","volume-title":"Google and the Myth of Universal Knowledge: A View from Europe","author":"Jeanneney JN","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr26-20539517231191528","unstructured":"Keegan J, Eastwood J (2023) From \u201cheavy purchasers\u201d of pregnancy tests to the depression-prone: We found 650,000 ways advertisers label you.\n                      The Markup\n                      , 8 June. https:\/\/themarkup.org\/privacy\/2023\/06\/08\/from-heavy-purchasers-of-pregnancy-tests-to-the-depression-prone-we-found-650000-ways-advertisers-label-you (Accessed June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr27-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231153811"},{"key":"bibr28-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594062","author":"Leidinger A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"},{"key":"bibr29-20539517231191528","first-page":"50","volume-title":"Society of the Query Reader: Reflections on Web Search","author":"Lewandowski D","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr30-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23963"},{"key":"bibr31-20539517231191528","unstructured":"Litterick D (2005) Chirac backs eurocentric search engine.\n                      The Telegraph\n                      , 31 August. https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/finance\/2921407\/Chirac-backs-eurocentric-search-engine.html (Accessed June 2023)."},{"key":"bibr32-20539517231191528","volume-title":"The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society","author":"Lyon D","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr33-20539517231191528","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination","author":"Lyon D","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr34-20539517231191528","volume-title":"Surveillance Studies: An Overview","author":"Lyon D","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr35-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809341700"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr36-20539517231191528","volume":"17","author":"Mager A","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"bibr37-20539517231191528","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.676056"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr38-20539517231191528","first-page":"28","volume":"12","author":"Mager A","journal-title":"TripleC. 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