{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:23Z","timestamp":1777455923955,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>New media studies invested in online political conflict, radical and antagonistic subcultures have taken an interest in the affordances that shape memes, vernaculars and online political communication. One often overlooked affordance is the ensemble of social, communication, platform and legal frameworks stipulating what users can and cannot say, which I call \u201cspeech affordances.\u201d To explore this concept, I look at the strategic communication of 4chan, Twitter and YouTube subcultures tied to a historical meme, \u201cKekistan,\u201d often perceived as a key example of the ideological cacophony of the 2015\u20132017 online \u201cculture wars.\u201d I focus on how 4chan's policy of user anonymity, YouTube's unmoderated comment sections and Twitter's more proactive moderation practices brought some influencers to alter the original connotations of the meme into \u201covert\u201d messages tolerable to Twitter and YouTube out-groups and platform moderation policies. Speech affordances bear methodological implications for historical studies of speech moderation and the overall mechanisms in which problematic language adapts to spaces with distinct speech norms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231206810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T04:25:29Z","timestamp":1698812729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The affordances of extreme speech"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7428-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emillie","family":"de Keulenaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Media and Journalism Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517231206810","unstructured":"anon (2017) \/pol\/ - Politically Incorrect \u00bb Thread #110606955. 4chan. Available at: https:\/\/archive.4plebs.org\/pol\/thread\/110606955\/#110606955 (accessed 14 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr3-20539517231206810","unstructured":"anon (2018a) \/pol\/ - Politically Incorrect\u202f\u00bb Thread #188040030.\n                      4chan\/pol\n                      . Available at: https:\/\/archive.4plebs.org\/pol\/thread\/188040030\/#188040030 (accessed 8 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr2-20539517231206810","unstructured":"anon (2018b) \/pol\/ - Politically Incorrect \u00bb Thread #188040030.4chan\/pol. Available at: https:\/\/archive.4plebs.org\/pol\/thread\/188040030\/#188040030 (accessed 8 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr4-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Richard Spencer (2017a) Set our people free! #FreeKekistan https:\/\/youtu.be\/0vGKjgjWc-A.\n                      @richardbspencer\n                      . Tweet. Available at: https:\/\/twitter.com\/richardbspencer\/status\/859511380558458880 (accessed 9 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr9-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejop.12186"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473984066.n14"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Constine J (2018) Facebook will change algorithm to demote \u201cborderline content\u201d that almost violates policies.\n                      TechCrunch\n                      . Available at: https:\/\/social.techcrunch.com\/2018\/11\/15\/facebook-borderline-content\/ (accessed 20 February 2021)."},{"key":"bibr12-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqad015"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2014.987152"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305119832588"},{"key":"bibr14a-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300235029"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2023.2216769"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11098-014-0434-5"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Kekistan is a Terrorist Group (2017). Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8nYI_yQE-uU (accessed 7 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr18-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-00550-7"},{"key":"bibr20-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Neiwert D (2017) What the kek: explaining the alt-right \u2018deity\u2019 behind their \u2018meme magic\u2019. Southern Poverty Law Center. Available at: https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/hatewatch\/2017\/05\/08\/what-kek-explaining-alt-right-deity-behind-their-meme-magic (accessed 8 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr21-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10288.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3824670"},{"key":"bibr1b-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Pohjonen M and Udupa S (2017) Extreme speech online: An anthropological critique of hate speech debates.\n                      International Journal of Communication\n                      11: 19."},{"key":"bibr23-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Procuradoria-Geral da Rep\u00fablica (2019) Apologia \u00e0 ditadura militar \u00e9 crime segundo a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o brasileira, defende C\u00e2mara Criminal do MPF. Available at: https:\/\/www.mpf.mp.br\/pgr\/noticias-pgr\/apologia-a-ditadura-militar-e-crime-segundo-a-legislacao-brasileira-defende-camara-criminal-do-mpf (accessed 5 September 2023)."},{"key":"bibr24-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Richard Spencer (2017b) Set our people free! #FreeKekistan https:\/\/youtu.be\/0vGKjgjWc-A. In:\n                      @richardbspencer\n                      . Tweet. Available at: https:\/\/twitter.com\/richardbspencer\/status\/859511380558458880 (accessed 9 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr25-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-022-00990-w"},{"key":"bibr26-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323120922066"},{"key":"bibr27-20539517231206810","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arisup\/akz001"},{"key":"bibr28-20539517231206810","unstructured":"Senado Federal (2020) Projeto de Lei n\u00b0 2630, de 2020. 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