{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:38Z","timestamp":1777455938317,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARC Discovery Project","award":["DP220100662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP220100662"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital platforms produce bias and inequality that have a significant impact on peoples\u2019 sense of self, agency and life chances. Wikipedia has largely evaded the criticism of other algorithmic systems like Google search and training databases like ImageNet, but Wikipedia is a critical source of representation in our current era \u2013 not only because it is one of the world's most popular websites, but because its data are being used as training data for the AI systems that are increasingly used for decision-making. We conducted an analysis of Wikipedia biographies in a national context, comparing the temporality and subjects of notability between English Wikipedia and the Australian Honours system in order to understand Wikipedia's unique role in the production of notability over the site's 20-year history. Framing Wikipedia as an active producer (rather than a reflection) of notability, we demonstrate that women are more likely to be awarded a Wikipedia page after the award announcements or not at all if their contribution is for labour relating to the caring professions than if their service is for sports, arts and films, politics or the judiciary. We argue that Wikipedia's inability to recognise gendered care work as noteworthy is mirrored in its own practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231210276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T02:05:11Z","timestamp":1698631511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gender and the invisibility of care on Wikipedia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3500-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamson","family":"Pietsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7876-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Tall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023118823946"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822373377"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1216147"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517231210276","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency","author":"Buolamwini J","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517231210276","volume-title":"A Social History of Knowledge II: From the Encyclopaedia to Wikipedia","author":"Burke P","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Cecco L (2018) Female Nobel prize winner deemed not important enough for Wikipedia entry.\n                      The Guardian\n                      , 3 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2018\/oct\/03\/donna-strickland-nobel-physics-prize-wikipedia-denied (accessed 3 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr7-20539517231210276","volume-title":"Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-How","author":"Cockburn C","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145265"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-021-01301-1"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11805.003.0002"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Dinan E, Roller S, Shuster K, et al. (2019) Wizard of Wikipedia: Knowledge-powered conversational agents. arXiv:1811.01241. arXiv. DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.1811.01241."},{"key":"bibr12-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8519.2007.00595.x"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517231210276","volume-title":"Making Care Count: A Century of Gender, Race, and Paid Care Work","author":"Duffy M","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11386.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312717692172"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22459\/HN.2022"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajph.12317"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14791420.2017.1386321"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1072791"},{"key":"bibr20-20539517231210276","volume-title":"Deep Mediatization","author":"Hepp A","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr21-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065782"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300327"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr23-20539517231210276","first-page":"177","volume":"2","author":"Introna L","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surveillance & Society"},{"key":"bibr24-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep10493127"},{"key":"bibr25-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/fr.2016.9"},{"key":"bibr26-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/ijfab.6.2.66"},{"key":"bibr27-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240698"},{"key":"bibr28-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818779080"},{"key":"bibr29-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2038558.2038560"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr30-20539517231210276","first-page":"297","volume":"72","author":"Langrock I","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr31-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21423"},{"key":"bibr32-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15691330-12341471"},{"key":"bibr33-20539517231210276","volume-title":"The Social Shaping of Technology","author":"MacKenzie DA","year":"1985","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr34-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14883"},{"key":"bibr35-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702514"},{"key":"bibr36-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Mullen L (2021) Predict gender from names using historical data. R package version 0.6.0, https:\/\/github.com\/lmullen\/gender."},{"key":"bibr37-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-023-01756-4"},{"key":"bibr38-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833641.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr39-20539517231210276","volume-title":"Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy","author":"O\u2019Neil C","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr40-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Our Community (2017) Advancing women: women and the Order of Australia. Available at: https:\/\/www.ourcommunity.com.au\/files\/AdvancingWomenBook.pdf (accessed 29 August 2023)."},{"key":"bibr41-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108859684"},{"key":"bibr42-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:META.0000006923.67527.59"},{"key":"bibr43-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0432.2005.00261.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr44-20539517231210276","first-page":"309","volume":"7","author":"Preston A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Labour Economics"},{"key":"bibr45-20539517231210276","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Raval N","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ada"},{"issue":"0","key":"bibr46-20539517231210276","first-page":"21","volume":"5","author":"Reagle J","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr47-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Robitzski D (2017) To keep AI from \u2018Eating a Table,\u2019 scientists make it read Wikipedia.\n                      livescience.com\n                      , 26 September. Available at: https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/60520-artificial-intelligence-reads-wikipedia-to-learn-english.html (accessed 3 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr48-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.12833"},{"key":"bibr49-20539517231210276","volume-title":"Inside the secret list of websites that make AI like ChatGPT sound smart","author":"Schaul K","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr50-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.09.043"},{"key":"bibr51-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqx003"},{"key":"bibr52-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022185620926220"},{"key":"bibr53-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7238\/d.v0i14.1514"},{"key":"bibr54-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211023772"},{"key":"bibr55-20539517231210276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-016-0066-4"},{"key":"bibr56-20539517231210276","volume-title":"TechnoFeminism","author":"Wajcman J","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr57-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Washington Post (2018) Perspective | Why Nobel winner Donna Strickland didn\u2019t have a Wikipedia page. 14 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/2018\/10\/08\/why-nobel-winner-donna-strickland-didnt-have-wikipedia-page\/ (accessed 3 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr58-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Wikimedia Foundation (2018) Why didn\u2019t Wikipedia have an article on Donna Strickland, winner of a Nobel Prize? Available at: https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/news\/2018\/10\/04\/donna-strickland-wikipedia\/ (accessed 3 April 2023)."},{"key":"bibr59-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Wikipedia contributors (2023a) Wikipedia: Notability (people) policy. Wikipedia. Available at: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Notability_(people) (accessed 2 April, 2023)."},{"key":"bibr60-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Wikipedia contributors (2023b) Wikipedia: Notability policy. Wikipedia. Available at: (accessed 2 April, 2023)."},{"key":"bibr61-20539517231210276","unstructured":"Wikipedia contributors (2023c) History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia project. 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