{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:34Z","timestamp":1777455934092,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Cilinical and Translational Studies, University of Illinois at Chicago","award":["2020-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-05"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Policy and Civic Engagement, University of Illinois at Chicago"},{"name":"Institute for Research on Race and Public Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data-driven public health policies were widely implemented to mitigate the uneven impact of COVID-19. In the United States, evidence-based interventions are often employed in \u201cracial equity\u201d initiatives to provide calculable representations of racial disparities. However, disparities in working or living conditions, germane to public health but outside the conventional scope of epidemiology, are seldom measured or addressed. What is the effect of defining racial equity with quantitative health outcomes? Drawing on qualitative analysis of 175 interviews with experts and residents in Chicago during the emergence of COVID-19, we find that these policies link the distribution of public resources to effective participation in state projects of data generation. Bringing together theories of quantification and biosocial citizenship, we argue that a form of data citizenship has emerged where public resources are allocated based on quantitative metrics and the variations they depict. Data citizenship is characterized by at least two mechanisms for governing with statistics. Data fixes produce better numbers through technical adjustments in data collection or analysis based on expert assumptions or expectations. Data drag delays distribution of public relief until numbers are compiled to demonstrate and specify needs or deservingness. This paper challenges the use of racial statistics as a salve for structural racism and illustrates how statistical data can exacerbate racial disparities by promising equity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231213821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T02:22:32Z","timestamp":1700014952000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Data citizenship: Quantifying structural racism in COVID-19 and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0063-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cal Lee","family":"Garrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Candidate, Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5644-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire Laurier","family":"Decoteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517231213821","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822374480-002"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517231213821","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226428291.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517231213821","volume-title":"Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code","author":"Benjamin R","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517231213821","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804782050"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517231213821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6352.001.0001","volume-title":"Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences","author":"Bowker GC","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517231213821","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2012910"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517231213821","volume-title":"Viral Cultures: Activist Archiving in the Age of AIDS","author":"Cifor M","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr57-20539517231213821","unstructured":"Data for Black Lives (2020)\n                      The Impact of COVID-19 on Black Communities\n                      , 3 May 2020. 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