{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:39Z","timestamp":1777455939460,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001444","name":"Defence Science and Technology Agency - Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly prevalent and its application highly sophisticated. Concerns about AI's vulnerabilities and future threats have, however, long been debated among scientists and the tech community. By integrating Beck's theory of risk society with an audience-centered sense-making approach, we seek to understand the effects of AI on the general public's daily lives and their concerns when they adopt AI technology. Five focus groups with 36 participants from Singapore, a technologically advanced country, were conducted to investigate their risk perceptions of AI and AI-powered technology. We found that participants were not passive consumers of content showing up on their news feeds; indeed, some participants attempted to outsmart the algorithms. They were aware that tech companies often tweak algorithms to personalize content and drive consumers into rabbit holes. Nevertheless, despite a certain level of awareness and sporadic attempts to \u201coutsmart\u201d the system, many users might still be influenced by these algorithms, underscoring the extent to which consumers are often manipulated by smart tech powered by AI. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of our findings by looking at the contextual factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231213823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T01:15:25Z","timestamp":1700097325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Understanding user interactions and perceptions of AI risk in Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8695-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taberez Ahmed","family":"Neyazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2711-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheryl Wei Ting","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2606-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media and Communications, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1043-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517231213823","first-page":"21","author":"Aitken M","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESORICS 2020: Computer Security"},{"issue":"2014","key":"bibr2-20539517231213823","first-page":"1673","volume":"8","author":"Andrejevic M","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517231213823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24818\/EA\/2021\/56\/65"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517231213823","volume-title":"Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation","author":"Bauman Z","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517231213823","volume-title":"Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity","author":"Beck U","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517231213823","volume-title":"The Politics of Risk Society","author":"Beck U","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517231213823","volume-title":"World at Risk","author":"Beck U"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr8-20539517231213823","first-page":"291","volume":"1","author":"Beck U","journal-title":"Iris. European Journal of Philosophy and Public Debate"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517231213823","volume-title":"The Normal Chaos of Love","author":"Beck U","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517231213823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446218693"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517231213823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9213.00309"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517231213823","volume-title":"Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies","author":"Bostrom N","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517231213823","unstructured":"Boyd D, Crawford K (2011) Six provocations for Big Data. In:\n                      A decade in internet time: Symposium on the dynamics of the internet society\n                      , Oxford, UK, 21\u201324 September 2011, pp. 1\u201317."},{"key":"bibr14-20539517231213823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720935146"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517231213823","unstructured":"Carrasco M, Mills S, Whybrew A, et al. (2019) The citizen\u2019s perspective on the use of AI in government. BCG Digital Government Benchmarking. Available at: https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/publications\/2019\/citizen-perspective-use-artificial-intelligence-government-digital-benchmarking (accessed 26 September 2023)."},{"key":"bibr16-20539517231213823","volume-title":"Semiotics: The Basics","author":"Chandler D","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517231213823","volume-title":"Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques","author":"Corbin JM","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517231213823","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1ghv45t"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517231213823","unstructured":"Crawford K, Joler V (2018) Anatomy of an AI system. 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