{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:45:44Z","timestamp":1777455944516,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Against a backdrop of widespread interest in how publics can participate in the design of AI, I argue for a research agenda focused on AI incidents \u2013 examples of AI going wrong and sparking controversy \u2013 and how they are constructed in online environments. I take up the example of an AI incident from September 2020, when a Twitter user created a \u2018horrible experiment\u2019 to demonstrate the racist bias of Twitter's algorithm for cropping images. This resulted in Twitter not only abandoning its use of that algorithm, but also disavowing its decision to use any algorithm for the task. I argue that AI incidents like this are a significant means for participating in AI systems that require further research. That research agenda, I argue, should focus on how incidents are constructed through networked online behaviours that I refer to as \u2018networked trouble\u2019, where formats for participation enable individuals and algorithms to interact in ways that others \u2013 including technology companies \u2013 come to know and come to care about. At stake, I argue, is an important mechanism for participating in the design and deployment of AI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231215360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:43:45Z","timestamp":1700441025000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["AI incidents and \u2018networked trouble\u2019: The case for a research agenda"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommy","family":"Shaffer Shane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Humanities Department, King's College London, London, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517231215360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822373377"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517231215360","unstructured":"AI Incident Database (2023) https:\/\/incidentdatabase.ai\/."},{"key":"bibr3-20539517231215360","first-page":"342","volume":"24","author":"Ananny M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Law & Technology"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517231215360","volume-title":"Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code","author":"Benjamin R","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517231215360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551624.3555290"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517231215360","first-page":"171","author":"Bunz M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rowman & Littlefield International"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517231215360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/si.2009.32.1.61"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517231215360","unstructured":"Chowdhury R (2021) Sharing learnings about our image cropping algorithm.\n                      Twitter blog\n                      . https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/engineering\/en_us\/topics\/insights\/2021\/sharing-learnings-about-our-image-cropping-algorithm."},{"key":"bibr9-20539517231215360","unstructured":"Crawford K (2017) The trouble with bias. NIPS 2017 Keynote. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fMym_BKWQzk."},{"key":"bibr10-20539517231215360","volume-title":"Studies in Ethnomethodology","author":"Garfinkel H","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517231215360","volume-title":"The Participant: A Century of Participation in Four Stories","author":"Kelty CM","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517231215360","volume-title":"Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society","author":"Latour B","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517231215360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137029669"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517231215360","unstructured":"Meunier A, Gray J, Ricci D (2021) Algorithm Trouble: A New AI Lexicon.\n                      AI Now Institute\n                      . https:\/\/ainowinstitute.org\/publication\/a-new-ai-lexicon-algorithm-trouble."},{"key":"bibr15-20539517231215360","unstructured":"Xiang C (2023) People are \u2018Jailbreaking\u2019 ChatGPT to Make It Endorse Racism, Conspiracies.\n                      VICE\n                      . https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/n7zanw\/people-are-jailbreaking-chatgpt-to-make-it-endorse-racism-conspiracies."}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517231215360","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517231215360","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517231215360","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:00:37Z","timestamp":1777381237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517231215360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517231215360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517231215360","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"article-number":"20539517231215360"}}