{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:47:44Z","timestamp":1777456064020,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In his seminal article, \u201cCyberspace and the Law of the Horse,\u201d Frank Easterbrook criticized the scholarly trend of developing overspecialized legal approaches to emerging technologies. Easterbrook argued that these approaches are confusing, shallow, and superfluous. Algorithmic reparation has emerged as a framework for addressing algorithmic systems\u2019 role in inequity and injustice. One understanding of algorithmic reparation is as a method for repairing algorithmic harms. This article examines how this understanding fares against the \u201claw of the horse\u201d critique by posing two questions. First, is algorithmic reparation overspecialized in its methods? Second, is algorithmic reparation overspecialized in the harm it targets? If its methods are too particularized, then algorithmic reparation will only work within a narrow range of circumstances and may undercut a more robust conception of remedies for algorithmic injustice. If the harm it targets is too particularized, then algorithmic reparation will result in incomplete or misguided redress of harms. We determine that algorithmic reparation is not too specific in its methods by demonstrating how\u2013under algorithmic reparation principles\u2013existing methods for reparations can be applied to address algorithmic harm. We also determine that algorithmic reparation can sometimes be too narrow in the harm it targets, which can reduce its effectiveness. When an algorithmic system is both necessary and sufficient for a harm to occur, algorithmic reparation is an effective method of redress. But when an algorithmic system is not necessary and sufficient for a given harm, algorithmic reparation may be incomplete, only temporarily effective, or miss the mark entirely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517241270670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T11:11:29Z","timestamp":1727176289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reparations of the horse? Algorithmic reparation and overspecialized remedies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4289-8077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Doyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Alvarez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3380-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pelle","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Information, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Information, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cedric","family":"Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkley School of Information, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5199-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Berkley School of Information, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Restitution of Land Rights Act, No. 22 of 1994, G. 16046, Government Gazette, Republic of South Africa (1994)."},{"key":"bibr2-20539517241270670","unstructured":"State v. Loomis, 881 N.W.2d 749 (Wis. 2016)"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Williams et al. v. City of Chicago et al., No. 1:22-cv-03773 (N.D. Ill. filed Nov. 14, 2022), amended complaint."},{"key":"bibr4-20539517241270670","volume-title":"Designing algorithms for social good. PhD Thesis","author":"Abebe RT","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580970"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Coates TN (2014) The case for reparations.\n                      The Atlantic\n                      , June."},{"key":"bibr7-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108574846"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594104"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211044808"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517241270670","first-page":"207","volume":"207","author":"Easterbrook F","year":"1996","journal-title":"The University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00276-4"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49760-6_4"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr13-20539517241270670","first-page":"95","volume":"64","author":"Finkenbine RE","year":"2007","journal-title":"The William and Mary Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillespie T (2016) Algorithm. In: Peters B (ed) Digital Keywords. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 18\u201330.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvct0023.6"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372869"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3512925"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517241270670","author":"Hopkins E","year":"2022","journal-title":"ProPublica"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Inter-American Court H.R (IACtHR) (2001) Case of \u201cThe Last Temptation of Christ\u201d (Olmedo Bustos et al.) v. Chile. Merits, Reparations and Costs. Judgment of February 5. Series C No. 73."},{"key":"bibr19-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Inter-American Court H.R (IACtHR) (2009) Case of Gonz\u00e1lez et al. (\u201cCotton Field\u201d) v. Mexico. Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations, and Costs. Judgment of November 16, 2009: para. 468\u2013473."},{"key":"bibr20-20539517241270670","unstructured":"International Center for Transitional Justice (2007) The right to restitution: a global overview."},{"key":"bibr21-20539517241270670","unstructured":"International Court of Justice (2022) Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda: Armed activities on the territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) - Reparations Judgment of 9 February 2022."},{"key":"bibr22-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372829"},{"key":"bibr23-20539517241270670","first-page":"249","volume":"2018","author":"Jones M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Law, Technology & Policy"},{"key":"bibr24-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108680844.006"},{"key":"bibr25-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Langton L, Durose M (2013)\n                      Police Behavior During Traffic and Street Stops, 2011\n                      . U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report."},{"key":"bibr26-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Leonhardt D (2024) The Misguided War on the SAT.\n                      New York Times\n                      , 7 January."},{"key":"bibr27-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Mitchell C (2023) Cook County sheriff Tom Dart\u2019s electronic monitoring rules are ambiguous, an appeals court finds.\n                      WBEZ Chicago,\n                      20 April."},{"key":"bibr28-20539517241270670","unstructured":"New York Civil Liberties Union v. ICE (2018) Southern District of New York, 1:18-cv-11557."},{"key":"bibr29-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0858-1"},{"key":"bibr30-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173677"},{"key":"bibr31-20539517241270670","author":"Ryan-Mosley T","year":"2023","journal-title":"The MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"bibr32-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226822969.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr33-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"bibr34-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelby R, Rismani S, Henne K, et al. (2023) Sociotechnical Harms of algorithmic systems: Scoping a taxonomy for harm reduction. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI\/ACM conference on AI, ethics, and society\n                      , 7\u201314 February, Washington D.C., USA, pp.723\u2013741.","DOI":"10.1145\/3600211.3604673"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr35-20539517241270670","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Slaughter RK","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Law & Tech"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr36-20539517241270670","first-page":"595","volume":"78","author":"Solorzano DG","year":"2001","journal-title":"Denver Law Review"},{"key":"bibr37-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3534639"},{"key":"bibr38-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221115189"},{"key":"bibr39-20539517241270670","volume-title":"Making Whole What Has Been Smashed: On Reparations Politics","author":"Torpey J","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr40-20539517241270670","unstructured":"Tribunal Superior del Distrito Judicial de Bogot\u00e1 (SDCB) (2011) Sentencia del 23 de septiembre de 2011. [Judgment against Fredy Rend\u00f3n Herrera]."},{"key":"bibr41-20539517241270670","unstructured":"United Nations General Assembly (2005) Basic principles and guidelines on the right to a remedy and reparation for victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2005 [on the report of the Third Committee (A\/60\/509\/Add.1)] (Resolution No. 60\/147)."},{"key":"bibr42-20539517241270670","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Internet Ethics","author":"van den Hoven","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr43-20539517241270670","first-page":"597","volume":"67","author":"Verdun","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tulane Law Review"},{"key":"bibr43a-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372833"},{"key":"bibr44-20539517241270670","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9185-9"}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517241270670","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517241270670","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517241270670","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:00:55Z","timestamp":1777381255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517241270670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517241270670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517241270670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"article-number":"20539517241270670"}}