{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:50:19Z","timestamp":1777456219879,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Oregon Data Science Initiative Seed Funding Convening Award"},{"name":"University of Oregon Libraries Open Access Article Processing Charge Award Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000103","name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oregon Humanities Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data interoperability poses unique ethical challenges across a range of academic, industrial, and governmental implementations of data systems. Central to data interoperability is the design of systems and protocols for exchanging or integrating data from different initial source domains. Data interoperability is often regarded as necessary for carrying out tasks between different organizations and suborganizations as well as for ensuring secondary use of data for research purposes. However, interoperability poses a number of ethical problems whose contours can prove especially challenging in comparison to how ethical harms take hold at other moments of the data life cycle (such as algorithmic processing or results dissemination). Taking biomedical data interoperability as a focal domain, this article provides an overview of data interoperability, maps the central ethical harms that may challenge interoperability projects, and proposes a response to these problems through an approach rooted in philosophical pragmatism. Pragmatist responses to both individual and structural harms of interoperability are presented through three companion strategies: shared standards, manual data curation, and meticulous data documentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517251352815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T05:27:01Z","timestamp":1751261221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The ethics of data interoperability: Mapping problems and strategies in biomedical data and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2927-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asher Brandon","family":"Caplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-7522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Koopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54648\/EURO2020006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2013.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429266768-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10272-020-0893-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300773"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","volume-title":"Principles of Biomedical Ethics","author":"Beauchamp TL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beauchamp TL, Childress JF (2001) Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09662839.2022.2101886"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Transactions of the International Conference on Health Information Technology","author":"Berryman R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berryman R, Yost N, Dunn N, et al. (2013) Data interoperability and information security in healthcare. In: Transactions of the International Conference on Health Information Technology. Vol. 26, 84\u201393."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219856462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199542871.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2006.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","first-page":"1727","article-title":"A dozen ways to get lost in translation: Inherent challenges in large scale data sets","volume":"8","author":"Busch L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Busch L (2014) A dozen ways to get lost in translation: Inherent challenges in large scale data sets. International Journal of Communication 8: 1727\u20131744.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25739-X_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Critiquing big data: Politics, ethics, epistemology","volume":"8","author":"Crawford K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crawford K, Miltner K, Gray ML (2014) Critiquing big data: Politics, ethics, epistemology. International Journal of Communication 8: 1663\u20131672.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Contemporary research discourse and issues on big data in higher education","volume":"57","author":"Daniel B","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daniel B (2017) Contemporary research discourse and issues on big data in higher education. Educational Technology 57(1): 18\u201322.","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2017.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"Logic: The Theory of Inquiry","author":"Dewey J","year":"1938","unstructured":"Dewey J (1938) Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Henry Holt and Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2014.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312711413314"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phc3.12760"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/cae-1626"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","first-page":"86","article-title":"Datasheets for datasets","volume":"64","author":"Gebru T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gebru T, Morgenstern J, Vecchione B, et al. (2021) Datasheets for datasets. Communications of the AMC 64(12): 86\u201392.","journal-title":"Communications of the AMC"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3763"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2071832200023075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229566"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2018.0083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/210376.210392"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02683962211064304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jlme.12040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781509932771.ch-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10851-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","unstructured":"Jercich K (2022) AI can play a key role in turning unstructured data into actionable insights. Healthcare IT News 14 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.healthcareitnews.com\/news\/ai-can-play-key-role-turning-unstructured-data-actionable-insights (accessed 10 June 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"The Ethical Algorithm: The Science of Socially Aware Algorithm Design","author":"Kearns M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kearns M, Roth A (2019) The Ethical Algorithm: The Science of Socially Aware Algorithm Design. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Interoperability in the digital economy","volume":"8","author":"Kerber W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kerber W, Schweitzer H (2017) Interoperability in the digital economy. Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law 8(1): 39\u201358.","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00905917211027835"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","volume-title":"Data Equals: Democratic Equality and Technological Hierarchy","author":"Koopman C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koopman C (2025) Data Equals: Democratic Equality and Technological Hierarchy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41292-021-00249-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812443-7.00010-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCM.0000000000000302"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14650045.2020.1830764"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226416502.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(22)00003-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-015-9652-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211025545"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.1044"},{"issue":"100074","key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interoperability of population-based patient registries","volume":"112","author":"Nicholson N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicholson N, Perego A (2020) Interoperability of population-based patient registries. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 112S(100074): 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","volume-title":"Anarchy, State, and Utopia","author":"Nozick R","year":"1974","unstructured":"Nozick R (1974) Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004945"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2481\/dsj.GRDI-004","article-title":"Data interoperability","volume":"12","author":"Pagano P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pagano P, Candela L, Castelli D (2013) Data interoperability. Data Science Journal 12(GRDI): 19\u201325.","journal-title":"Data Science Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","first-page":"286","article-title":"How to make our ideas clear","volume":"12","author":"Peirce CS","year":"1878","unstructured":"Peirce CS (1878) How to make our ideas clear. Popular Science Monthly 12(January): 286\u2013302.","journal-title":"Popular Science Monthly"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243915597478"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720942542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.369.6502.356"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219833095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","volume-title":"Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth","author":"Rorty R","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rorty R (1991) Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","volume-title":"Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platformsData and Discrimination: Converting Critical Concerns into Productive Inquiry","author":"Sandvig C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandvig C, Hamilton K, Karahalios K, et al. (2014) Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. In: Data and Discrimination: Converting Critical Concerns into Productive Inquiry, Seattle, WA, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-016-0114-z"},{"issue":"104401","key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do data security measures, privacy regulations, and communication standards impact the interoperability of patient health information? A cross-country investigation","volume":"148","author":"Shrivastava U","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrivastava U, Song J, Han BT, et al. (2021) Do data security measures, privacy regulations, and communication standards impact the interoperability of patient health information? A cross-country investigation. International Journal of Medical Informatics 148(104401): 1\u201311.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa188"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bul2.2016.1720420207"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interoperability of heterogeneous health information systems: A systematic literature review","volume":"23","author":"Torab-Miandoab A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torab-Miandoab A, Samad-Soltani T, Jodati A, et al. (2023) Interoperability of heterogeneous health information systems: A systematic literature review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 23(18): 1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elab029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-024-02128-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","volume-title":"Philosophical Investigations","author":"Wittgenstein L","year":"1953","unstructured":"Wittgenstein L (1953) Philosophical Investigations. 1st ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-022-09324-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","volume-title":"Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: WHO Guidance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021) Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: WHO Guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/341996 (accessed 29 June 2022)."}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517251352815","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517251352815","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517251352815","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:01:17Z","timestamp":1777381277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517251352815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517251352815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517251352815","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"article-number":"20539517251352815"}}