{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T03:42:38Z","timestamp":1764906158157,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JRSM Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p> To study the prevalence of COVID-19 health protective behaviours before and after rules eased in England on the 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July 2021. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p> Observational study pre (12<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>-18<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July) and post (26<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July-1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> August) 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July, and a cross-sectional online survey (26<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> to 27<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p> Observations occurred in supermarkets (n\u2009=\u200910), train stations (n\u2009=\u200910), bus stops (n\u2009=\u200910), a coach station (n\u2009=\u20091) and a London Underground station (n\u2009=\u20091). The survey recruited a nationally representative sample. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p> All adults entering the observed locations during a one-hour period (n\u2009=\u20093819 pre- and n\u2009=\u20092948 post-19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July). In the online survey, 1472 respondents reported having been shopping for groceries\/visited a pharmacy and 566 reported having used public transport or having been in a taxi\/minicab in the last week. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p> We observed whether people wore a face covering, maintained distance from others and cleaned their hands. We investigated self-reports of wearing a face covering while in shops or using public transport. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p> In most locations observed, the proportion of people wearing face coverings, cleaning the hands and maintaining physical distance declined post 19th July. Pre 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July, 70.2% (95% CI 68.7 to 71.7%) of people were observed to be wearing a face covering versus 55.8% (54.2 to 57.9%) post 19<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> July. Equivalent rates for physical distancing were 40.9% (39.0 to 42.8%) versus 29.5% (27.4 to 31.7%), and for hand hygiene were 4.4% (3.8 to 5.1%) versus 3.9% (3.2 to 4.6%). Self-reports of \u201calways\u201d wearing face coverings were broadly similar to observed rates. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title\/><jats:p> Adherence to protective behaviours was sub-optimal and declined during the relaxation of restrictions, despite appeals to exercise caution. Self-reports of \u201calways\u201d wearing a face covering in specific locations appear valid. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20542704231153563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T08:11:32Z","timestamp":1678090292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of \u201cfreedom day\u201d on COVID-19 health protective behaviour in England: An observational study  of hand hygiene, face covering use and physical distancing in public spaces pre and post the relaxing of restrictions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3498-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex F","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1277-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise E","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Mowbray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-3210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Woodland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Aml\u00f4t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"},{"name":"Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G James","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"New campaign to prevent spread of coronavirus indoors this winter","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","key":"bibr1-20542704231153563"},{"volume-title":"Making a support bubble with another household","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","key":"bibr2-20542704231153563"},{"volume-title":"COVID-19 response: summer 2021","author":"Cabinet Office","key":"bibr3-20542704231153563"},{"key":"bibr4-20542704231153563","unstructured":"Hughes D. Johnson urges caution ahead of expected July 19 Freedom Day. Evening Standard, https:\/\/www.standard.co.uk\/news\/uk\/boris-johnson-england-prime-minister-government-sajid-javid-b945293.html (2021, accessed 4 October 2021)."},{"key":"bibr5-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239795"},{"key":"bibr6-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043577"},{"key":"bibr7-20542704231153563","unstructured":"ONS. Coronavirus and the social impacts on Great Britain, https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/healthandwellbeing\/bulletins\/coronavirusandthesocialimpactsongreatbritain\/24september2021 (2021, accessed 4 October 2021)."},{"key":"bibr8-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n608"},{"key":"bibr9-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2021.106713"},{"key":"bibr10-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000028"},{"key":"bibr11-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01597-8"},{"key":"bibr12-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2014.09.003"},{"key":"bibr13-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.15.21258920"},{"volume-title":"Great Britain: grocery market share 2015\u20132019","author":"Coppola D","key":"bibr14-20542704231153563"},{"volume-title":"COVID: Boris Johnson - \u2018Don't have a great jubilee\u2019 on 19 July","author":"Sky News","key":"bibr15-20542704231153563"},{"key":"bibr16-20542704231153563","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210678"},{"key":"bibr17-20542704231153563","unstructured":"Service O, Hallsworth M, Halpern D, et al. EAST Four simple ways to apply behavioural insights, https:\/\/www.bi.team\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/BIT-Publication-EAST_FA_WEB.pdf. (2014, accessed 12 November 2022)."}],"container-title":["JRSM Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20542704231153563","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20542704231153563","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20542704231153563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T17:08:52Z","timestamp":1740848932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20542704231153563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20542704231153563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20542704231153563","relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-2704","2054-2704"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2054-2704"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2054-2704"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"article-number":"20542704231153563"}}