{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:34:16Z","timestamp":1771025656106,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JRSM Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Summary <\/jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p> Commentators and professional organisations note that an expanding market in human milk-based products (HMBPs) could reduce breastfeeding, compromising maternal and infant health, and undermine public milk bank donations. We investigate whether English NHS trusts purchased these products and whether HMBP companies have marketed to them. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p> Freedom of Information (FOI) requests asking: (1) whether trusts obtained human milk; (2) if so, how; and (3) whether HMBP companies had approached them. We analysed trusts\u2019 responses qualitatively. In 2023, an FOI request to the Food Standards Authority (FSA) following a product recall. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p> England. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p> One hundred and ninety-four NHS trusts, the FSA. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p> Obtaining human milk, approaches by companies, and trust responses to approaches. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> One hundred and seventy-six trusts responded, 102 reporting human milk from milk banks. No trusts reported purchasing from companies in 2022. In 2023, the FSA confirmed six English hospitals used HMBPs from one company; an FOI for trusts\u2019 names was refused on law enforcement grounds. Two trusts reported participating in clinical trials funded by companies. Twenty-one reported approaches, using several strategies, including uninvited ward visits. Trusts rejected marketing based on guidance from: (1) trust dieticians or physicians; (2) regional regulatory bodies; (3) professional bodies; and (4) perceived application of an International Code on breastfeeding. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> Companies market to trusts, adopting methods previously used by the formula industry. Trusts express confusion over whether this infringes agreements designed to promote breastfeeding. We encourage clarification and guidance for professionals and trusts to ensure safety, infant and maternal health, and protect public provision. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20542704241237658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T04:38:45Z","timestamp":1714538325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Human milk products in the National Health Service:  a cross-sectional survey of use and industry contact  across England's trusts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1794-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Steele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"},{"name":"Cambridge Public Health, Forvie Site, University of Cambridge, Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"St Edmund's College, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah C.A.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20542704241237658","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHRH-07-2019-0058"},{"key":"bibr2-20542704241237658","unstructured":"Sibson V. 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