{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:15:22Z","timestamp":1777677322172,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Psychology Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the challenges of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was a widespread skepticism about vaccination. To elucidate the underlying mental and emotional predispositions, we examined a sample of 1428 participants using latent profile analysis (LPA) on selected personality trait variables, mental health status, and measures of irrational beliefs. LPA revealed five distinct profiles: two classes of non-skeptics and three of skeptics. The smaller non-skeptic class reported the highest rates of mental health problems, along with high levels of neuroticism, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and external locus of control. The larger non-skeptic class was psychologically well-balanced. Conversely, the skeptic groups shared strong distrust of COVID-19 vaccination but differed in emotional and mental profiles, leading to graded differences in endorsing extreme conspiracy beliefs. This suggests that vaccine skepticism is not solely a result of mental illness or emotional instability; rather extreme skepticism manifests as a nuanced, graded phenomenon contingent on personality traits and conspirational beliefs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20551029241248757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T23:49:28Z","timestamp":1714088968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alike but not the same: Psychological profiles of COVID-19 vaccine skeptics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-9934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Voss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"VITOS Hochtaunus Psychiatric Hospital, Friedrichsdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Schermelleh-Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leana","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITOS Hochtaunus Psychiatric Hospital, Friedrichsdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Holzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen University, Groningen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Fichtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITOS Hochtaunus Psychiatric Hospital, Friedrichsdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITOS Hochtaunus Psychiatric Hospital, Friedrichsdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansgar","family":"Klimke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITOS Hochtaunus Psychiatric Hospital, Friedrichsdorf, Germany"},{"name":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3573-7526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Windmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359"},{"key":"bibr3-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080900"},{"key":"bibr4-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.009"},{"key":"bibr5-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.10.038"},{"key":"bibr6-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01246098"},{"key":"bibr7-20551029241248757","unstructured":"Charlton E (2014) Conspiracy Theories and Dissociative Experiences: The Role of Personality and Paranormal Beliefs. Manchester Metropolitan University. Available at https:\/\/e-space.mmu.ac.uk\/576580\/ (accessed 26 February 2022)."},{"key":"bibr8-20551029241248757","unstructured":"Cumming-Bruce N (2021) Virus Deaths Are Probably Two to Three Times More than Official Records, the W.H.O. Says. NY, USA: The New York Times. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/live\/2021\/05\/21\/world\/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-mask#who-covid-deaths-excess. (accessed 21 February 2022)."},{"key":"bibr70-20551029241248757","volume":"26","author":"Dehne M","year":"2007","journal-title":"DIW Research Notes"},{"key":"bibr10-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12568"},{"key":"bibr11-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.056"},{"key":"bibr12-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248892"},{"key":"bibr13-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00794-6"},{"key":"bibr14-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01644-3"},{"key":"bibr15-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250123"},{"key":"bibr16-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1993.tb02495.x"},{"key":"bibr17-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12382"},{"key":"bibr18-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30600-0"},{"key":"bibr19-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12349"},{"key":"bibr20-20551029241248757","unstructured":"Holder J (2023) Tracking Corona Vaccinations Around the World. New York Times article. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/world\/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html. (accessed 23 February 2023)."},{"key":"bibr21-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30883-7"},{"key":"bibr22-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v7i1.3306"},{"key":"bibr24-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112266118"},{"key":"bibr25-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070757"},{"key":"bibr26-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089177"},{"key":"bibr28-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0096a"},{"key":"bibr29-20551029241248757","volume-title":"Latent Structure Analysis","author":"Lazarsfeld PF","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr30-20551029241248757","unstructured":"Leitner DJ (2019) SoSci Survey (Version 3.1.06) [Computer software]. Available at https:\/\/www.soscisurvey.de"},{"key":"bibr31-20551029241248757","volume-title":"Reliability and Validity of the I, P, and C Scales - A Multidimensional View of Locus of Control","author":"Levenson H","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr32-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-443201-7.50006-3"},{"key":"bibr33-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767"},{"key":"bibr34-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2266929"},{"key":"bibr35-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510902751010"},{"key":"bibr36-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0692-6"},{"key":"bibr37-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199934898.013.0025"},{"key":"bibr38-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.01.025"},{"key":"bibr39-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00301-1"},{"key":"bibr40-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718000491"},{"key":"bibr41-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113930"},{"key":"bibr42-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20226-9"},{"key":"bibr43-20551029241248757","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n LK","year":"1998","edition":"8"},{"key":"bibr44-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"bibr45-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-020-01090-9"},{"key":"bibr46-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267734"},{"key":"bibr47-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03484-9"},{"key":"bibr48-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100701"},{"key":"bibr49-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-010-0173-6"},{"key":"bibr50-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113356"},{"key":"bibr51-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.01.038"},{"key":"bibr52-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020160"},{"key":"bibr53-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010042"},{"key":"bibr54-20551029241248757","unstructured":"Schoolov K (2021) Why it\u2019s not Possible for the Covid Vaccines to Contain a Magnetic Tracking Chip that Connects to 5G. CNBC - a website. Available at: https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/10\/01\/why-the-covid-vaccines-dont-contain-a-magnetic-5g-tracking-chip.html (accessed 22 February 2022)."},{"key":"bibr55-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6102\/zis54"},{"key":"bibr56-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136"},{"key":"bibr57-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294360"},{"key":"bibr58-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00647-3"},{"key":"bibr59-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2016.09.001"},{"key":"bibr60-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.12.043"},{"key":"bibr61-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9030300"},{"key":"bibr62-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320962243"},{"key":"bibr63-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103445"},{"key":"bibr64-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.726076"},{"key":"bibr65-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100772"},{"key":"bibr66-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2306677"},{"key":"bibr67-20551029241248757","unstructured":"WHO COVID-19 dashboard (2024) WHO 2024, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases."},{"key":"bibr68-20551029241248757","volume-title":"COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic","author":"Worldometer","year":"2024"},{"key":"bibr69-20551029241248757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44650-9"}],"container-title":["Health Psychology Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20551029241248757","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20551029241248757","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20551029241248757","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:23:56Z","timestamp":1777451036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20551029241248757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20551029241248757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20551029241248757","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-1029","2055-1029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-1029","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-1029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"article-number":"20551029241248757"}}