{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:30:11Z","timestamp":1787063411872,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A23895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A23895"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A28664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A28664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C60153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C60153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2T32CA057711-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T32CA057711-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA237670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA237670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA246418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA246418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DA045766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DA045766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA054236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA054236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DA052421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA052421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined whether exposure to misinformation found on Twitter about e-cigarette harms leads to inaccurate knowledge and misperceptions of harms of e-cigarette use among cigarette smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an online randomized controlled experiment in November 2019 among an online sample of 2400 adult US and UK cigarette smokers who did not currently use e-cigarettes. Participants viewed four tweets in one of four conditions: 1) e-cigarettes are as or more harmful than smoking, 2) e-cigarettes are completely harmless, 3) e-cigarette harms are uncertain and 4) control (physical activity). Outcomes were knowledge about e-cigarettes and harm perceptions of e-cigarette use for five diseases. We conducted multiple logistic and linear regressions to analyze the effect of experimental conditions on outcomes, controlling for baseline knowledge and perceived harms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants in the \u2018as or more harmful\u2019 condition (vs. control group) had higher odds of accurate knowledge about e-cigarettes containing toxic chemicals ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), not containing only water vapor (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and containing formaldehyde ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, these participants had lower odds of accurate knowledge that e-cigarettes did not contain tar ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and contained fewer toxins than cigarettes ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Exposure to \u2018as or more harmful\u2019 tweets also increased harm perceptions for five diseases (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with the greatest effect observed for lung cancer (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.313, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This effect was greater among UK participants for all diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brief exposure to misinformation on Twitter reduced accurate knowledge of the presence of tar and the level of toxins compared with smoking and increased harm perceptions of e-cigarette use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221116780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T03:10:08Z","timestamp":1659409808000},"page":"205520762211167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of brief exposure to misinformation about e-cigarette harms on Twitter on knowledge and perceptions of e-cigarettes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. 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Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Elizarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Play Collaborate Change, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Dahne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA"},{"name":"Hollings Cancer Centre, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Zulkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy SL","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20552076221116780","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757"},{"key":"bibr2-20552076221116780","unstructured":"Mcneill A, Brose LS, Calder R, et al. 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