{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:04:53Z","timestamp":1777550693733,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines how those who were born outside the United States and migrated to the country in the past decade used social media and other online sites to deal with uncertainties around the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In particular, we examine how they used digital communication technologies to tap into online resources and social connections both in the United States and their origin country and how various aspects of online information management were associated with their willingness to get vaccinated against the virus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an online survey and in-depth interviews with international migrants aged 18\u201364 years who moved to the United States in 2011 or later and were living in two neighboring states in the US Midwest as of spring 2021. Since this research involves understanding how these international migrants dealt with uncertainties related to coronavirus disease 2019 vaccinations, we collected the survey and interview data when each state had a vaccination rate of less than 10% and very limited vaccination eligibility for those aged 64 years and below.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results show that international migrants\u201d perceived uncertainty, positive and negative emotions, efficacy, and outcome expectancy affect their information seeking related to the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination. In addition, issue salience moderates the effect between information seeking and vaccine willingness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research provides relevant and timely scholarly and policy implications that help advance research in this area and better support international migrant communities during public health crises such as the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221125972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T02:16:19Z","timestamp":1663899379000},"page":"205520762211259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["International migrants and coronavirus disease 2019 vaccinations: Social Media, motivated information management, and vaccination willingness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3312-8794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjin","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6305-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ittefaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Studies, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Shayesteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Kamanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honors College, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalise","family":"Baines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Huang P. Unpacking the variations in vaccine efficacy data,\n                      NPR\n                      , https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/01\/31\/962638211\/unpacking-the-variations-in-vaccine-efficacy-data (2021, accessed 31 January 2021)."},{"key":"bibr2-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Roberts M. Study reveals extent of COVID vaccine side-effects,\n                      BBC\n                      , https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/health-55932832 (2021, accessed 4 February 2021)."},{"key":"bibr3-20552076221125972","volume-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on noncitizens and across the U.S. immigration system","author":"Loweree J","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr4-20552076221125972","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration. World Migration Report 2020, https:\/\/www.un.org\/sites\/un2.un.org\/files\/wmr_2020.pdf (2020, accessed 17 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr5-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. Key findings about U.S. immigrants, https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/08\/20\/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants\/ (2020, Accessed 17 February 2021)."},{"key":"bibr6-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1758R"},{"key":"bibr7-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2897"},{"key":"bibr8-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0312-5"},{"key":"bibr9-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1054773810372542"},{"key":"bibr10-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144394"},{"key":"bibr11-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203933046"},{"key":"bibr12-20552076221125972","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Uncertainty, information management, and disclosure decisions: theories and applications","author":"Afifi WA","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr13-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00310.x"},{"key":"bibr14-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00909882.2018.1468570"},{"key":"bibr15-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention.\n                      Interim list of categories of essential workers mapped to standardized industry codes and titles\n                      , https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/covid-19\/categories-essential-workers.html (2020, accessed 1 March 2021)."},{"key":"bibr16-20552076221125972","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"Creswell JW","year":"2018","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr17-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01463373.2018.1539406"},{"key":"bibr18-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1553118X.2020.1817030"},{"key":"bibr19-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2006.00002.x"},{"key":"bibr20-20552076221125972","unstructured":"American Immigration Council.\n                      State factsheets\n                      , https:\/\/www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org\/topics\/state-by-state (2020, accessed 1 March 2021)."},{"key":"bibr21-20552076221125972","volume-title":"Therapist\u2019s guide to positive psychological interventions","author":"Magyar-Moe JL","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr22-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2013.837558"},{"key":"bibr23-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2010.01529.x"},{"key":"bibr24-20552076221125972","volume-title":"The discovery of grounded theory strategies for qualitative research","author":"Glaser B","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr25-20552076221125972","volume-title":"The practice of qualitative research","author":"Hesse-Biber SN","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr26-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Brenan M.\n                      Willingness to get COVID-19 vaccine ticks up to 63% in U.S.\n                      , https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/327425\/willingness-covid-vaccine-ticks.aspx#:\u223c:text=Americans\u2019%20willingness%20to%20receive%20a,the%2050%25%20reading%20in%20September (2020, accessed 8 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr27-20552076221125972","volume-title":"Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data","author":"Rubin HJ","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr28-20552076221125972","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Handbook of qualitative research","author":"Strauss A","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr29-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Reuters Fact Check. Fact check\u2014mRNA vaccines are distinct from gene therapy, which alters recipient\u2019s genes, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/factcheck-covid-mrna-gene\/fact-check-mrna-vaccines-are-distinct-from-gene-therapy-which-alters-recipients-genes-idUSL1N2PH16N (2021, accessed 1 March 2021)."},{"key":"bibr30-20552076221125972","volume":"15","author":"Seo H","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Commun"},{"key":"bibr31-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689806298224"},{"key":"bibr32-20552076221125972","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez C","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Commun"},{"key":"bibr33-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2281-1"},{"key":"bibr34-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Forster V. Covid-19 vaccines can\u2019t alter your DNA, here is why.\n                      Forbes\n                      , https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/victoriaforster\/2021\/01\/11\/covid-19-vaccines-cant-alter-your-dna-heres-why\/?sh=7aceadc12491 (2021, accessed 14 January 2021)."},{"key":"bibr35-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1178434"},{"key":"bibr36-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105177"},{"key":"bibr37-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.12.005"},{"key":"bibr38-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.04.013"},{"key":"bibr39-20552076221125972","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Choukou M-A","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"bibr40-20552076221125972","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Ittefaq M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"bibr41-20552076221125972","unstructured":"United Nations.\n                      Refugees and migrants: Definitions\n                      , https:\/\/refugeesmigrants.un.org\/definitions (n.d., accessed 14 February 2021)."},{"key":"bibr42-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Ray J.\n                      Over 1 billion worldwide unwilling to take COVID-19 vaccine\n                      , https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/348719\/billion-unwilling-covid-vaccine.aspx (2021, accessed 3 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr43-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Funk C, Tyson A.\n                      Intent to get a COVID-19 vaccine rises to 60% as confidence in research and development process increases\n                      , https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/science\/2020\/12\/03\/intent-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-rises-to-60-as-confidence-in-research-and-development-process-increases\/#intention-to-be-vaccinated-for-covid-19-rises-across-the-board (2020, accessed 3 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr44-20552076221125972","unstructured":"Tran L. Firehosing: The systemic strategy that anti-vaxxers are using to spread misinformation.\n                      The Guardian\n                      , https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2019\/nov\/07\/firehosing-the-systemic-strategy-that-anti-vaxxers-are-using-to-spread-misinformation (2019, accessed 14 January 2021)."},{"key":"bibr45-20552076221125972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1780846"}],"container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076221125972","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20552076221125972","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076221125972","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:51:51Z","timestamp":1777398711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20552076221125972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20552076221125972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076221125972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-2076","2055-2076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-2076","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-2076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}