{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:25:48Z","timestamp":1783999548495,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1173921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1173921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1178666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1178666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009321","name":"icare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly prevalent in certain populations. However, evidence indicates that many individuals do not respond to treatment. Digital supports hold promise for increasing service provision and engagement but there is a lack of evidence on blended care options and still less research guiding the development of such tools. This study details the development and overarching framework used to build a smartphone app to support PTSD treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The app was developed in line with the Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share (IDEAS) framework for the development of digital health interventions and involved clinicians (n=3), frontline worker clients (n=5) and trauma-exposed frontline workers (n=19). Integrated iterative rounds of testing were conducted via in-depth interviews, surveys, prototype testing and workshops, alongside app and content development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians and frontline workers both expressed a clear preference for the app to augment but not replace face-to-face therapy, with the aim of increasing between-session support, and facilitating homework completion. Content was adapted for app delivery from manualised therapy (trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Prototype versions of the app were well received, with both clinicians and clients reporting the app was easy to use, understandable, appropriate and highly recommendable. System Usability Scale (SUS) scores were on average in the excellent range (82\/100).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is one of the first studies to document the development of a blended care app designed specifically to augment clinical care for PTSD, and the first within a frontline worker population. Through a systematic framework with active end user consultation, a highly usable app was built to undergo subsequent evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231155680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T02:28:27Z","timestamp":1677119307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The development of a smartphone app to enhance post-traumatic stress disorder treatment in high-risk workers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5230-2401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Deady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimee","family":"Gayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel B","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Black Dog Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708"},{"key":"bibr2-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"bibr3-20552076231155680","first-page":"594","volume":"2009","author":"Slade T","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr4-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000078"},{"key":"bibr5-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0408-2"},{"key":"bibr6-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2021.1893631"},{"key":"bibr7-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00001421"},{"key":"bibr8-20552076231155680","first-page":"4","volume":"61","author":"Kessler RC","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr9-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405900902"},{"key":"bibr10-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781107445130.002"},{"key":"bibr11-20552076231155680","volume-title":"Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"Forbes D","year":"2020","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr12-20552076231155680","first-page":"Cd003388","volume":"2013","author":"Bisson J","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr13-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.03.006"},{"key":"bibr14-20552076231155680","volume-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr15-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant RA. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. 2019; 18: 259\u2013269.","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20656"},{"key":"bibr16-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E, et al. A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. 2005; 162: 214\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.214"},{"key":"bibr17-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.08.004"},{"key":"bibr18-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2008.71.2.134"},{"key":"bibr19-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095634"},{"key":"bibr20-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.03.007"},{"key":"bibr21-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.233"},{"key":"bibr22-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2017.1331263"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr23-20552076231155680","volume":"42","author":"Luxton DD","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Practice"},{"key":"bibr24-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14897"},{"key":"bibr25-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7318"},{"key":"bibr26-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1701788"},{"key":"bibr27-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.004"},{"key":"bibr28-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506070903318960"},{"key":"bibr29-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6482"},{"key":"bibr30-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1194"},{"key":"bibr31-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.192435"},{"key":"bibr32-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1602"},{"key":"bibr33-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207619842986"},{"key":"bibr34-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00003"},{"key":"bibr35-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2018.11.003"},{"key":"bibr36-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0532-2"},{"key":"bibr37-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x"},{"key":"bibr38-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14376"},{"key":"bibr39-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqx056"},{"key":"bibr40-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.4404"},{"key":"bibr41-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1611090"},{"key":"bibr42-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mummah SA, Robinson TN, King AC, et al. IDEAS (Integrate, design, assess, and share): a framework and toolkit of strategies for the development of more effective digital interventions to change health behavior. 2016; 18: e317.","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5927"},{"key":"bibr43-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000255-000"},{"key":"bibr44-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374387-9.00025-8"},{"key":"bibr45-20552076231155680","volume":"10","author":"Yardley L","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Des Mak"},{"key":"bibr46-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/hts.1.thi1"},{"key":"bibr47-20552076231155680","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Usability evaluation in industry","author":"Brooke J","year":"1996","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr48-20552076231155680","first-page":"29","volume":"8","author":"Brooke J","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Usability Stud"},{"key":"bibr49-20552076231155680","unstructured":"Beedle M, van Bennekum A, Cockburn A. Manifesto for Agile software development, http:\/\/agilemanifesto.org (2001)."},{"key":"bibr50-20552076231155680","unstructured":"Atlassian. Jira Software Cloud 8.19.1. Sydney, Australia: Atlassian, 2021."},{"key":"bibr51-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2014.06.004"},{"key":"bibr52-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2013.03.003"},{"key":"bibr53-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.1"},{"key":"bibr54-20552076231155680","volume-title":"Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic","author":"Barlow DH","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr55-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002234"},{"key":"bibr56-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23214"},{"key":"bibr57-20552076231155680","first-page":"40","volume":"67","author":"Foa EB","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr58-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20907"},{"key":"bibr59-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceh.2018.01.001"},{"key":"bibr60-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9485"},{"key":"bibr61-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00147"},{"key":"bibr62-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2460"},{"key":"bibr63-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076221133760"},{"key":"bibr64-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037496"},{"key":"bibr65-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6588"},{"key":"bibr66-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-750-8.ch012"},{"key":"bibr67-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351252805-12"},{"key":"bibr68-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24245"},{"key":"bibr69-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2021.100398"},{"key":"bibr70-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.06.015"},{"key":"bibr71-20552076231155680","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"Baumel A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"bibr72-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9275"},{"key":"bibr73-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721004621"},{"key":"bibr74-20552076231155680","unstructured":"Holliday N, Magee P, Walker-Clarke A. Reflections on creative methodologies for health technology research, and the iterative process between research and design.\n                      Paper presented at Design4Health: 2015 European Conference\n                      . Sheffield, United Kingdom 2015."},{"key":"bibr75-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447310802205776"},{"key":"bibr76-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"bibr77-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920907254"},{"key":"bibr78-20552076231155680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16906"}],"container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076231155680","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20552076231155680","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076231155680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:52:47Z","timestamp":1777398767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20552076231155680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20552076231155680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076231155680","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-2076","2055-2076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-2076","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-2076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"20552076231155680"}}