{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:10:45Z","timestamp":1777551045519,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction\/Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 2020, China has implemented unprecedented digital health surveillance over citizens and residents in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We explore the implementation of Health Code ( jiankang ma), a contract-tracing and risk assessment app for coronavirus disease 2019, in China. By engaging with the concept of \u2018ocular ethics\u2019, we ask why and how some populations become invisible in China's Health Code surveillance system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used an ethnographic approach to critically examine the role of digital technology in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic governance. Three months of participant observation and 20 interviews were conducted to understand the design of Health Code and the situation of homeless population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We find that China's digital health surveillance during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has failed to cover the homeless population, who either fail to access Health Code or find ways to avoid its mandatory health surveillance. We further summarize four problems resulting in their exclusion, including the loss of ID cards, access to smartphones and phone numbers, problematic design and elastic surveillance, and the neglect of homeless community's precarious living situation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Situating our work in the literature on theories of surveillance and anthropology of pandemics, we argue that without recognizing the structural problems embedded in homelessness, a large number of poor and homeless migrants are rendered invisible in this data-driven health surveillance, which further pushes them into social exclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076231170689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T12:47:06Z","timestamp":1682426826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Governing through big data: An ethnographic exploration of invisible lives in China's digital surveillance of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4628-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"NYU Shanghai Center for Global Health Equity, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Y","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"NYU Shanghai Center for Global Health Equity, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20552076231170689","unstructured":"Du Shi Kuai Bao. People behind the quickly launched Health Code project (in Chinese) [Internet]. Sina News. 2020 [cited 2023 Feb 19]. Available from: http:\/\/zj.sina.com.cn\/news\/m\/2020-02-18\/detail-iimxyqvz3653401.shtml"},{"key":"bibr2-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/lako14606-001"},{"key":"bibr3-20552076231170689","volume-title":"The pandemic perhaps: Dramatic events in a public culture of danger","author":"Caduff C","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr4-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/lako14606-003"},{"key":"bibr5-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478007555"},{"key":"bibr6-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12440"},{"key":"bibr7-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031092"},{"key":"bibr8-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239943","volume":"15","author":"Leith DJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE [Internet]"},{"key":"bibr9-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196667"},{"key":"bibr10-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/18752160-8698301"},{"key":"bibr11-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951721995218"},{"key":"bibr12-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v19i1.14550"},{"key":"bibr13-20552076231170689","unstructured":"Foucault M. Security, territory, population: lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France, 1977-1978. 1. Picador ed. Senellart M, editor. New York, NY: Picador; 2009. 417 p. (Lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France)."},{"key":"bibr14-20552076231170689","first-page":"3","volume":"59","author":"Deleuze G","year":"1992","journal-title":"October [Internet]"},{"key":"bibr15-20552076231170689","volume-title":"Missing bodies: the politics of visibility","author":"Casper MJ","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr16-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2011.622322"},{"key":"bibr17-20552076231170689","volume-title":"Metrics: What counts in global health","author":"Adams V","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr18-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822371823"},{"key":"bibr19-20552076231170689","volume-title":"Will to live: AIDS therapies and the politics of survival","author":"Biehl J","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr20-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822395768"},{"key":"bibr21-20552076231170689","volume-title":"SARS in China: prelude to pandemic?","author":"Kleinman A","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr22-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804798952"},{"key":"bibr23-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.2005.107.1.031"},{"key":"bibr24-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303767"},{"key":"bibr25-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1011-4"},{"key":"bibr26-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30142-4"},{"key":"bibr27-20552076231170689","volume-title":"Can science and technology save China?","author":"Greenhalgh S","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr28-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520941267"},{"key":"bibr29-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-020-01862-6"},{"key":"bibr30-20552076231170689","unstructured":"Peng X. Health Code, It Really Works (in Chinese) [Internet]. People\u2019s Daily Online. 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 13]. Available from: http:\/\/health.people.com.cn\/n1\/2020\/0817\/c14739-31824366.html"},{"key":"bibr31-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071310020015280"},{"key":"bibr32-20552076231170689","unstructured":"Shen X. Murderer on the run in China turns himself in because he doesn\u2019t have a Health Code [Internet]. South China Morning Post. 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/abacus\/tech\/article\/3082933\/murderer-run-china-turns-himself-because-he-doesnt-have-health-code"},{"key":"bibr33-20552076231170689","author":"Liu C","journal-title":"Sci Technol Human Values [Internet]"},{"key":"bibr34-20552076231170689","unstructured":"D\u2019Amore R. \u2018Yes, this drone is speaking to you\u2019: How China is reportedly enforcing coronavirus rules | Globalnews.ca [Internet]. Global News. 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 13]. Available from: https:\/\/globalnews.ca\/news\/6535353\/china-coronavirus-drones-quarantine\/"},{"key":"bibr35-20552076231170689","unstructured":"Xie E. \u2018Imported case behind Covid-19 cluster\u2019 in north China\u2019s Heihe city [Internet]. South China Morning Post. 2021 [cited 2022 Nov 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/science\/article\/3154291\/imported-case-behind-covid-19-cluster-north-chinas-heihe-city"},{"key":"bibr36-20552076231170689","unstructured":"Zhu L, Yu Y. No smartphone, no green code: The man from Anhui has returned home (in Chinese) [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.thepaper.cn\/newsDetail_forward_7963467"},{"key":"bibr37-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/city.2007.19.1.81"},{"key":"bibr38-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2747\/1539-7216.50.2.197"},{"key":"bibr39-20552076231170689","first-page":"1159","volume":"9","author":"Wang Y","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"bibr40-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305741000001351"},{"key":"bibr41-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvxkn7ds"},{"key":"bibr42-20552076231170689","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520968417"},{"key":"bibr43-20552076231170689","volume":"9","author":"Bui LV","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health [Internet]"}],"container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076231170689","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20552076231170689","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076231170689","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:53:08Z","timestamp":1777398788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20552076231170689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20552076231170689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076231170689","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-2076","2055-2076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-2076","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-2076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"20552076231170689"}}