{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T18:24:45Z","timestamp":1789410285225,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MyOr Diagnostics ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determine whether data collected from a smartphone camera can be used to detect anemia in a pediatric population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HEMO-AI (Hemoglobin Easy Measurement by Optical Artificial Intelligence), a clinical study carried out from December 2020 to February 2023, recruited patients from the Pediatric Emergency Department, Pediatric Inpatient Department and Pediatric Hematology Unit of the Haemek Medical Center, Afula, Israel. A population-based sample of 823 patients aged 6 months to 18 years who had undergone a venous blood draw for a complete blood count since being admitted to the hospital were enrolled. Patients with total leukonychia, nailbed darkening or discoloration due to medication, nail clubbing, clinically indicated jaundice, subungual hematoma, nailbed lacerations, avulsion injuries, or nail polish applied on fingernails were not eligible for study recruitment. Video and images of the patients\u2019 hand placed in a collection chamber were collected using a smartphone camera.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>823 samples, 531 from a 12.2 megapixel camera and 256 from a 12.2 megapixel camera, were collected. 26 samples were excluded by the study coordinator for irregularities. 97% of fingernails and 68% of skin samples were successfully identified by a post-trained machine learning model. Separate models built to detect anemia using images taken from the Pixel 3 had an average precision of 0.64 and an average recall of 0.4, whereas models built using the Pixel 6 had an average precision of 0.8 and an average recall of 0.84. Further supplementation of training data with synthetic data boosted the precision of the latter to 0.84 and the average recall to 0.87.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study lays the groundwork for the future evolution of non-invasive, pain-free, and accessible anemia screening tools tailored specifically for pediatric patients. It identifies important sample collection parameters and design, provides critical algorithms for the pre-processing of fingernail data, and reports an initial capability to detect anemia with 87% sensitivity and 84% specificity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospectively registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04573244) on 15 September 2020, prior to subject recruitment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241297057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T03:16:36Z","timestamp":1733368596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Artificial intelligence-enabled non-invasive ubiquitous anemia screening: The HEMO-AI pilot study on pediatric population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Development, MyOr Diagnostics Ltd., Zichron Yaakov, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Development, MyOr Diagnostics Ltd., Zichron Yaakov, Israel"},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Gamrasni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Development, MyOr Diagnostics Ltd., Zichron Yaakov, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yotam","family":"Barlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Development, MyOr Diagnostics Ltd., Zichron Yaakov, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Development, MyOr Diagnostics Ltd., Zichron Yaakov, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Development, MyOr Diagnostics Ltd., Zichron Yaakov, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronen","family":"Shpiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avishai","family":"Lahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Koren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osnat","family":"Naor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shwetak","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilad","family":"Chayen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Brandwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Development, MyOr Diagnostics Ltd., Zichron Yaakov, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20552076241297057","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI\/ML)-enabled medical devices","author":"U.S. Food and Administration","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr2-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092"},{"key":"bibr3-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.4.931"},{"key":"bibr4-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1468S"},{"key":"bibr5-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006479"},{"key":"bibr6-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/79.7.955"},{"key":"bibr7-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12040289"},{"key":"bibr8-20552076241297057","volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr9-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281736"},{"key":"bibr10-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/90.3.302"},{"key":"bibr11-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2011.01.020"},{"key":"bibr12-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)72329-6"},{"key":"bibr13-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon J, Divvala S, Girshick R, et al. You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 27\u201330 June 2016, pp. 779\u2013788.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"bibr14-20552076241297057","unstructured":"Schumann C, Olanubi GO, Wright A, et al. Consensus and subjectivity of skin tone annotation for ML fairness. arXiv preprint arXiv:230509073. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2305.09073"},{"key":"bibr15-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C. XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Association for Computing Machinery, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13\u201317 August 2016, pp. 785\u2013794.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"bibr16-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"bibr17-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111876"},{"key":"bibr18-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0487-z"},{"key":"bibr19-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2867110"},{"key":"bibr20-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07262-2"},{"key":"bibr21-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan MK, Sakib N, Love RR, et al. RGB pixel analysis of fingertip video image captured from sickle cell patient with low and high level of hemoglobin. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 8th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), New York, NY, USA, 19\u201321 October 2017, pp. 499\u2013505.","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON.2017.8249004"},{"key":"bibr22-20552076241297057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2029240"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251316131","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000}}],"container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076241297057","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20552076241297057","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076241297057","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:50:19Z","timestamp":1777398619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20552076241297057"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20552076241297057"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076241297057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-2076","2055-2076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-2076","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-2076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"article-number":"20552076241297057"}}