{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:15:07Z","timestamp":1787915707586,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Health Technologies Promotion Program","award":["BHTPP202053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BHTPP202053"]}]},{"name":"the Capital\u2019s Funds for Health Improvement and Research","award":["CFH 2022-1G-4073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFH 2022-1G-4073"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["NO. 2023HQ01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2023HQ01"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["NO. 2023IR49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. 2023IR49"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intelligent wearable devices have potential for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) monitoring, but the effectiveness of combining cough and blowing sounds for disease assessment is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective was to assess COPD severity via physiological parameters and audio data collected by a smartwatch.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      COPD patients underwent lung function tests, electrocardiograms, blood gas analysis, and 6-min walk tests. The patients\u2019 peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were continuously monitored via a smartwatch for 7\u201314 days, and voluntary cough and forceful blowing sounds were recorded twice daily. The HR, SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and RR were categorized into all-day, sleep, and wake periods and summarized using the mean, standard deviation, median, 25th percentile, 75th percentile and percent variation. The correlations among lung function, physiological parameters, and audio data were analyzed to develop a model for predicting COPD severity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-nine stable patients, with a mean age of 67.0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8 years, were enrolled, and 89.7% were male. HR, HRV, RR, cough sounds, and blowing sounds were significantly correlated with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grade, with cough sounds showing the highest correlation (r\u2009=\u20090.7617,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u2009.001). Cough sounds also had the strongest correlation with the mean 6-minute walking distance (r\u2009=\u20090.6847,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u2009.001), whereas blowing sounds had the strongest correlation with the Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise capacity index (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.6749,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u2009.001). A logistic regression model using the RR and blowing sounds as key predictors achieved accuracies of 0.77\u20130.89 in determining the GOLD grade, with a Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.6757.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Audio data were more strongly correlated with lung function in COPD patients than were physiological parameters. A smartwatch with audio collection capabilities effectively assessed COPD severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05551169<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251320730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T10:18:02Z","timestamp":1741861082000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intelligent wearable devices with audio collection capabilities to assess chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5261-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunyao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingcong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangfa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00470-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00082507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30841-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1749OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Global strategy for the diagnosis management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2024 report [updated 2023-11-132024-7-9] https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/2024-gold-report\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0346-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2014.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0809-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c08494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2012.727918"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)","volume":"2","author":"van Gestel AJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Gestel AJ, Steier J. 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