{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:08:35Z","timestamp":1793743715995,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European University of Atlantic","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep learning models assist ophthalmologists in early detection of diseases from retinal images and timely treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owing to robust and accurate results from deep learning models, we aim to use convolutional neural network (CNN) to provide a non-invasive method for early detection of eye diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a hybridized CNN with deep learning (DL) based on two separate CNN blocks, to identify multiple Optic Disc Cupping, Diabetic Retinopathy, Media Haze, and Healthy images. We used the RFMiD dataset, which contains various categories of fundus images representing different eye diseases. Data augmenting, resizing, coping, and one-hot encoding are used among other preprocessing techniques to improve the performance of the proposed model. Color fundus images have been analyzed by CNNs to extract relevant features. Two CCN models that extract deep features are trained in parallel. To obtain more noticeable features, the gathered features are further fused utilizing the Canonical Correlation Analysis fusion approach. To assess the effectiveness, we employed eight classification algorithms: Gradient boosting, support vector machines, voting ensemble, medium KNN, Naive Bayes, COARSE- KNN, random forest, and fine KNN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the greatest accuracy of 93.39%, the ensemble learning performed better than the other algorithms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The accuracy rates suggest that the deep learning model has learned to distinguish between different eye disease categories and healthy images effectively. It contributes to the field of eye disease detection through the analysis of color fundus images by providing a reliable and efficient diagnostic system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251328120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T18:31:11Z","timestamp":1743186671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Fundus image classification using feature concatenation for early diagnosis of retinal disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Ejaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafiz U","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiaz","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania Carvajal","family":"Altamiranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Cuito, Bie, Angola"},{"name":"Fundacion Universitaria Internacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Lipari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, Mexico"},{"name":"Universidad de La Romana, La Romana, Republica Dominicana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8271-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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