{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:48:43Z","timestamp":1793728123122,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to systematically evaluate the performance of three advanced Chinese large language models (LLMs)\u2014DeepSeek-R1, GPT-4o, and Claude-Sonnet-4\u2014in supporting patient education during post-cardiac surgery rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 35 patient-centered questions were developed based on clinical guidelines, covering five core domains: postoperative care, medication and diet, mental health, complication prevention, and physical activity. Each model was prompted with the same questions five times. Responses were independently assessed by clinical experts for accuracy, completeness, readability (using FRE and FKGL), and reproducibility under repeated prompting. Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance and post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DeepSeek-R1 demonstrated the highest overall performance in terms of accuracy (mean score: 4.64) and completeness (4.20), and achieved the highest response stability (85.7%). GPT-4o outperformed the others in readability (FRE: 53.19) and linguistic fluency but showed lower reproducibility (62.9%). Claude-Sonnet-4 showed moderate and variable performance, with limitations in clinical detail. All observed differences were statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DeepSeek-R1 is most suitable for structured, guideline-based rehabilitation education. GPT-4o may be preferable in emotionally supportive or patient-facing scenarios due to its superior readability. Claude-Sonnet-4, while less consistent, may offer stylistic balance in diverse communication settings. Overall, LLMs show promising potential in digital cardiac rehabilitation, but task-specific model alignment remains essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251393385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:03:57Z","timestamp":1761843837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A comparative study on the application of large language models: Deepseek-R1, GPT-4o, and Claude-Sonnet-4 in post-cardiac surgery rehabilitation\u2014A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0204-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical 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