{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:56:36Z","timestamp":1793382996174,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2705201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2705201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongqing's Technological Innovation and Application Development Sichuan Chongqing Joint Implementation Key R&D projects","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the internet has broadened access to medical resources, concerns persist regarding the quality and accuracy of available content. ChatGPT, a general-purpose large language model, may help bridge this gap. This study evaluates its safety and user perception in addressing pediatric healthcare queries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine experts independently evaluated 41 questions, with three experts assigned to each of the following topics: vitamin D (15 questions), food allergies (16 questions), and sleep problems (10 questions). Each question was answered separately by ChatGPT3.5 and ChatGPT4. Ratings were determined by expert consensus or, in cases of disagreement, the lowest rating. Additionally, 27 parents evaluated ChatGPT's responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experts rated 73.2% of responses from ChatGPT3.5 as \u201ccompletely correct\u201d or \u201ccorrect but not comprehensive,\u201d while 26.8% were rated as \u201cpartially incorrect\u201d or \u201ccompletely incorrect.\u201d For ChatGPT4, these figures were 68.3% and 31.7%, respectively. The difference in accuracy ratings between the two versions was not statistically significant (chi-square test,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.819). Over 80% of parents rated the responses as \u201ccompletely clear with no further doubts\u201d or \u201cvery clear with few doubts,\u201d with no significant difference found between versions (generalized mixed-effects model,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.617). A total of 73.1% of parents expressed trust in ChatGPT's medical information, and 88.0% indicated a likelihood of continued use. Rating trends between parents and clinicians were consistent for both ChatGPT3.5 and ChatGPT4 responses (McNemar's test, ChatGPT3.5:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.481; ChatGPT4:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.143).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As over a quarter of responses contained expert-identified inaccuracies, the current performance of ChatGPT is insufficient for safe and reliable use in clinical decision-making. Nevertheless, it has potential to expand health information access for parents. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size and potential selection bias regarding parents\u2019 educational backgrounds. Future improvements should enhance accuracy, clarity, and integration between parents and healthcare professionals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261427505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:20:05Z","timestamp":1773253205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Safety and user perception of general-purpose large language models in pediatric healthcare: Evaluations of ChatGPT by doctors and parents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth, Development and Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents' Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National Center for Children's Health, Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Hospital of Jilin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth, Development and Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents' Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binrang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Richmond University Medical Center","place":["New York, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth, Development and Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents' Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1766-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Growth, Development and Mental Health Center of Children and Adolescents, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents' Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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