{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:27:59Z","timestamp":1777552079002,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018624","name":"Science and Technology Bureau of Quanzhou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021N011S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021N011S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005270","name":"Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024Y9354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Y9354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the effectiveness of utilizing ChatGPT 4.0 to assist human physicians in assessing dysphagia in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective study included 100 head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who visited our hospital between January 2025 and October 2025. All participants first underwent an independent dysphagia assessment in the control group conducted by a human physician (Physician A). Subsequently, they were evaluated in the experimental group by a similarly qualified physician (Physician B) with the assistance of ChatGPT 4.0. The comprehensive assessment results from an expert group consisting of two senior head and neck surgeons with ten years of experience served as the \u201cgold standard.\u201d Consistency comparisons of the evaluation results among the three groups were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the language model-assisted assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The consistency Kappa index between the experimental group and the expert group was 0.87, indicating a \u201cgood\u201d level of consistency, significantly superior to the control group\u2019s 0.70. Subgroup analysis of different EAT-10 and MDADI score ranges showed that in 85 patients with EAT-10 scores \u2265 3: the control group accurately identified 72 cases, achieving an accuracy of 84.7%; the experimental group accurately identified 80 cases, with an accuracy of 94.1%. Among 78 patients with MDADI scores \u2264 69, the control group accurately identified 65 cases (accuracy of 83.3%), while the experimental group identified 73 cases accurately (93.6%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The assessment model combining large language models with human physicians effectively improves the accuracy and consistency of dysphagia assessment in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261443749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T11:48:16Z","timestamp":1776253696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ChatGPT-assisted evaluation of dysphagia in head and neck cancer radiotherapy patients: A practical tool"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dongrong","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailing","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0705-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3850-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanshan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"[Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022]","volume":"46","author":"Zheng RS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng RS, Chen R, Han BF, et al. 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Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2024; 46(3): 221\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112152-20240119-00035","journal-title":"Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf035"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2582906"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15152"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-07161-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9747-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-022-10486-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30096"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97170-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076251326019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1634976"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232255"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Confirmation of Large Language Models in Head and Neck Cancer Staging","volume":"15","author":"Kayaalp M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kayaalp M, B\u00f6lek H, Ya\u015far HA. Confirmation of Large Language Models in Head and Neck Cancer Staging. Diagn Basel Switz 2025; 15(18): 2375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics15182375","journal-title":"Diagn Basel Switz"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2025.110740"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","first-page":"5001","article-title":"Reliability of large language models for advanced head and neck malignancies management: a comparison between ChatGPT 4 and Gemini Advanced","volume":"281","author":"Lorenzi A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lorenzi A, Pugliese G, Maniaci A, et al. Reliability of large language models for advanced head and neck malignancies management: a comparison between ChatGPT 4 and Gemini Advanced. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol - Head Neck Surg 2024; 281(9): 5001\u20135006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-024-08746-2","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol - Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.302"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11107-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.07.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2025.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.111780"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-025-02980-w"}],"container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076261443749","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20552076261443749","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20552076261443749","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:56:53Z","timestamp":1777399013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20552076261443749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20552076261443749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20552076261443749","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-2076","2055-2076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-2076","type":"print"},{"value":"2055-2076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"article-number":"20552076261443749"}}