{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:52:54Z","timestamp":1792601574562,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assesses ChatGPT-4o\u2032s responses to common patient inquiries regarding urinary incontinence (UI), a condition that significantly impacts quality of life but often goes untreated due to low healthcare-seeking behavior. The evaluation focuses on four key metrics: understandability, actionability, reliability, and readability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this non-human subject qualitative study, 13 patient-focused questions\u2014derived from AUA\/SUFU and EAU guidelines\u2014were posed to ChatGPT-4o in Turkish. The questions were categorized into four themes: Definition, Diagnosis, Management, and Surgical Considerations. Three blinded experts (an urogynecologist, a urologist, and a pelvic floor physiotherapist) independently evaluated the responses using the\n                      <jats:bold>Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT)<\/jats:bold>\n                      for understandability and actionability and the\n                      <jats:bold>modified DISCERN (mDISCERN)<\/jats:bold>\n                      tool for reliability. Readability was measured using the\n                      <jats:bold>\u00c7etinkaya\u2013Uzun formula<\/jats:bold>\n                      , specifically designed for Turkish text. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) to determine inter-rater reliability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In evaluating ChatGPT-4o\u2019s performance in urinary incontinence education, experts found strong agreement in their assessments, with inter-rater reliability scores were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70-0.91) for PEMAT and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.70-0.91) for mDISCERN. The AI\u2019s responses were consistently highly understandable, particularly when explaining diagnoses (achieving a peak score of 94.4 %), yet they were significantly less actionable, meaning they often failed to provide clear, practical steps for patients to follow. This gap was most evident in surgical considerations, which were deemed the least actionable at 68.2 %. The overall\n                      <jats:bold>reliability<\/jats:bold>\n                      of the content was rated as \u201cfair\u201d across all categories\u2014with surgical information being the most reliable. Most responses were classified as \u201cdifficult,\u201d requiring a university-level education to comprehend, with surgery-related topics being the most linguistically complex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While ChatGPT-4o yields comprehensible health information, its limited actionability and high linguistic complexity pose barriers to patients with lower health literacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261459527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:21:11Z","timestamp":1780935671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the understandability, actionability, reliability, and readability of ChatGPT-4o in providing patient education on urinary incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7480-4691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse Filiz","family":"Gokmen Karasu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0691-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betul","family":"Cinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4126-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melda","family":"Kuyucu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Ilktac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bezmialem Vakif University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2372-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tural","family":"Ismayilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bing\u00f6l State Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317753"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2023.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55670"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56930"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241297059"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","volume-title":"Wikipedia","author":"OpenAI. 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