{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T13:25:04Z","timestamp":1787405104766,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary supplements are widely promoted online, often using persuasive health claims that may contribute to the \u201chealth halo effect,\u201d where consumers may infer unproven therapeutic benefits. In Saudi Arabia, the rise of online listings by nutraceutical and dietary supplement companies has amplified the visibility of such claims, raising questions about their regulatory compliance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the nature and regulatory risk of health-related claims in dietary supplements marketed by nutraceutical and dietary supplement companies through Saudi pharmacy websites and assess their alignment with SFDA guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional content analysis was conducted on 209 supplement products which yielded 251 distinct health-related claims extracted from leading Saudi pharmacy websites. Claims were thematically categorized and assessed using a rule-based natural language processing (NLP) classifier aligned with Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) regulatory tiers. Each claim was assigned a risk level of low, medium, or high, based on language and references to medical conditions. A verb frequency analysis was conducted to explore linguistic patterns. Chi-square testing was used to examine the association between claim categories and regulatory risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 251 claims analyzed, 173 (68.9%) were classified as low risk, 7 (2.8%) as medium risk, and 71 (28.3%) as high risk. The most common claim categories were bone\/joint health (14%), immune support (10%), general wellness\/wellbeing (10%), hair\/skin\/nails (7%), energy\/fatigue (7%), antioxidant\/detox (6%), and cardiovascular health (6%). High-risk claims were most concentrated in categories related to bone\/joint health, general wellness, and cardiovascular support. The most frequent action verbs were \u201csupport,\u201d \u201cimprove,\u201d and \u201ctreat.\u201d A significant association was observed between claim category and regulatory risk level (p &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A substantial proportion of supplement claims implies therapeutic benefit. Strengthening regulatory oversight and consumer education is essential to mitigate the health halo effect and ensure safe supplement use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261477561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:19:26Z","timestamp":1787231966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health halo effect in supplement marketing: A content analysis of unregulated medical claims in community pharmacies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-3779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwan","family":"Alrasheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Alobid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Almasoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regulatory &amp; Government Affairs, Pharma Pharmaceutical Industries &amp; Biological Products"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basmah","family":"Alfageh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8751-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawan","family":"Almadfaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema","family":"Almoqran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alkhonizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliyah","family":"Almobarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musab","family":"Gari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alsuhibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qassim University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102985"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"Office of Dietary Supplements - Background Information: Dietary Supplements. https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/DietarySupplements-Consumer\/ (accessed 25 March 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214637"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_511_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.2299"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153320"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","article-title":"Effect on consumers\u2019 sustainable purchase intention of dietary supplement purine labeling","volume":"12","author":"Yang D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang D, Gui G, Yao Y, et al. 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