{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:32:16Z","timestamp":1793313136185,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of a virtual reality (VR)-based mindfulness intervention in reducing ADHD symptoms and improving cognitive and psychosocial outcomes among college students, compared to a non-immersive, video-based mindfulness control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this trial, 64 college students screening positive for ADHD symptoms (ASRS v1.1) were randomized 1:1 to an intervention group using the Headspace application on the Meta Quest Pro headset or a control group watching a guided meditation video; after six withdrawals, 58 participants (29 per group) were included in the per-protocol analysis. Both groups participated in three supervised sessions per week over four weeks (12 sessions total). Primary outcomes were ADHD symptom severity (ASRS v1.1) and cognitive-motor reaction time (BlazePod\u2122). Secondary outcomes included depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), sleep quality (PSQI), academic engagement (UWES), and self-efficacy (GSE), assessed at baseline, mid-intervention, and post-intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to the control group, the intervention group achieved significantly greater reductions in ASRS scores (\u22125.8 vs. \u22122.3 points;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and right-leg reaction times (\u2212157.4 vs. \u221288.4 ms;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028; not significant after Holm correction, adjusted p = 0.056). The intervention group showed significantly larger improvements in depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep quality, and academic engagement (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01 for all). Self-efficacy improved in both groups with no significant between-group difference (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.151). Adverse events leading to withdrawal occurred in four participants: two in the VR group (severe motion sickness\/cybersickness) and two in the control group (severe enteritis, unrelated to the intervention).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A four-week VR-based mindfulness intervention produced greater improvements in ADHD symptoms and related psychosocial outcomes compared to a video-based control in college students. These findings support further investigation of VR as a digital therapeutic adjunct for adult ADHD symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261478221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T23:00:52Z","timestamp":1786489252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of a virtual reality-based mindfulness intervention for ADHD symptoms in college students: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Youn-Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daejeon University,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaesang","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hwasung Medi-Science University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5228-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo-Young","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daejeon University,"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Management, College of Health and Medical Science, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300050"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115449"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0127-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054709340650"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","first-page":"13r01600","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Ginsberg Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ginsberg Y, Quintero J, Anand E, et al. 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