{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T23:26:59Z","timestamp":1786750019320,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute cholecystitis (AC) is among the most frequently encountered conditions in emergency care settings. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven language models have emerged as innovative resources for accessing and synthesising medical information; however, their reliability and readability across different languages remain insufficiently established. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the reliability and readability of AC information provided by AI-based language models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven standardised questions were formulated in Spanish and English. Two independent reviewers subsequently evaluated the reliability of the responses via a validated assessment tool. Spanish readability was measured via the Flesch\u2013Szigrist formula. In English, the Flesch Reading Easy score and the Flesch\u2012Kincaid readability score were employed. The results were then compared by tool and language.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Regarding reliability in Spanish, Perplexity\u00ae generated the highest percentage of complete responses (57.14%), followed by both ChatGPT\u00ae and Gemini\u00ae (42.86%). In English, Gemini\u00ae demonstrated the strongest performance with a score of 85.71%, followed by both Perplexity\u00ae and ChatGPT\u00ae with 71.43% each. The readability analysis revealed significant differences among the AI models in both Spanish and English (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). In Spanish, Gemini\u00ae generated the most readable responses, whereas Perplexity\u00ae produced the least readable text. In English, ChatGPT\u00ae achieved the lowest Flesch\u2013Kincaid grade level (highest readability), while Perplexity\u00ae generated the most complex responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the absence of statistically significant differences in reliability among the AI models, Gemini\u00ae generated the highest proportion of complete responses in English, whereas Perplexity\u00ae showed the highest proportion in Spanish. Moreover, significant differences in readability were observed among the three AI language models, with Perplexity\u00ae consistently generating the least readable content across both languages. There is a clear need for improvements to optimise the accuracy and accessibility of AI-generated medical information about AC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261478722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T23:07:00Z","timestamp":1786489620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reliability and readability of Artificial Intelligence generated information on acute cholecystitis: A comparative analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4128-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabel Lucero","family":"Olarte Jurado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Pimiento Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Prieto Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Sof\u00eda","family":"Rivera Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Enrique","family":"Ochoa Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime Fernando","family":"Barajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Industrial de Santander"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9618-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian Orlando","family":"Porras Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","first-page":"0411","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis","volume":"2014","author":"Halpin V","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halpin V. Acute cholecystitis. BMJ Clin Evid 2014; 2014: 0411.","journal-title":"BMJ Clin Evid"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03842-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","volume-title":"OpenAI","author":"OpenAI","year":"2023","unstructured":"OpenAI. About ChatGPT\u00ae [Internet]. OpenAI, 2023. [cited 2025 Jan 28]. Available from. https:\/\/openai.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","volume-title":"Features of YouChat\u00ae [Internet]","author":"You.com","year":"2023","unstructured":"You.com. Features of YouChat\u00ae [Internet]: com, 2023. [cited 2025 Jan 28]. Available from. https:\/\/you.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","volume-title":"Introducing Gemini\u00ae: DeepMind\u2019s latest language model [Internet]","author":"DeepMind G","year":"2023","unstructured":"DeepMind G. Introducing Gemini\u00ae: DeepMind\u2019s latest language model [Internet]: Google DeepMind, 2023. [cited 2025 Jan 28]. Available from. https:\/\/deepmind.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-024-03475-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09009-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2008.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","volume-title":"The EQUATOR Network reporting guideline platform [Internet]","author":"von EE","year":"2025","unstructured":"von EE, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The STROBE reporting checklist. In: Harwood J, Albury C, de Beyer J, et al. (eds). The EQUATOR Network reporting guideline platform [Internet]. : The UK EQUATOR Centre, 2025. [cited 2026 Jan 04]. Available from. https:\/\/resources.equator-network.org\/reporting-guidelines\/strobe\/strobe-checklist.docx"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11795468251383666"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2023.0089"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","first-page":"500065","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la fiabilidad y legibilidad de las respuestas de los chatbots como recurso de informaci\u00f3n al paciente para las exploraciones PET-TC m\u00e1s comunes","volume":"44","author":"Aydinbelge-Dizdar N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aydinbelge-Dizdar N, Dizdar K. Evaluaci\u00f3n de la fiabilidad y legibilidad de las respuestas de los chatbots como recurso de informaci\u00f3n al paciente para las exploraciones PET-TC m\u00e1s comunes. 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