{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:05:57Z","timestamp":1789751157062,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DIGITAL HEALTH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the clinical accuracy, structural readability, and Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP-36) quality of Large Language Model (LLM) responses to real patient queries regarding radiological contrast agents and to define their safe boundaries in practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 30 most popular Turkish patient questions reflecting fears and risk perceptions about contrast agents were identified via Google Trends and AlsoAsked.com. These queries were presented to ChatGPT-5.4, Gemini 3, and Claude 4.6 Sonnet using a zero-shot learning approach. Responses were evaluated by experts for clinical accuracy against the 2024\/2025 American College of Radiology (ACR) Manual on Contrast Media. Information quality and readability were measured using the expanded EQIP-36 scale and the Ate\u015fman and Bezirci-Y\u0131lmaz indices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Claude 4.6 Sonnet demonstrated the highest clinical accuracy and high compliance with guidelines (&gt;90%). Gemini 3 exhibited a more conservative stance, occasionally resulting in over-triage by exaggerating risks. While all models scored exceptionally well in the Content and Structure dimensions of the EQIP-36, generating readable texts, they universally failed in the Identification dimension by omitting author names, update dates, or bibliographic sources. Readability indices indicated that comprehending the texts required an average of 10.5 to 11.6 years of formal education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLMs generate highly readable and subjectively reassuring Turkish-language texts in response to patient queries regarding radiological contrast agents. However, due to domain-specific structural gaps regarding quantitative thresholds and lack of citations, they should be positioned as hybrid communication tools subject to mandatory review by specialist physicians rather than standalone medical advisors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076261491151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:34:52Z","timestamp":1789518892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the accuracy and readability of large language models in answering Turkish-language patient-generated queries on radiological contrast agents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Enes","family":"Ata\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Necmettin Erbakan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14679"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109583"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2025.112264"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","first-page":"2453","article-title":"Patients\u2019 requests for radiological imaging: A qualitative study on general practitioners\u2019 perspectives","volume":"26","author":"De Silva L","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Silva L, Baysari M, Keep M, et al. Patients\u2019 requests for radiological imaging: A qualitative study on general practitioners\u2019 perspectives. Heal Expect an Int J public Particip Heal care Heal policy 2023; 26: 2453\u20132460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hex.13849","journal-title":"Heal Expect an Int J public Particip Heal care Heal policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00930-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20240891"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1574287"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.108408"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202300011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fradi.2025.1682725"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2026.1761025"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","unstructured":"ACR Manual on Contrast Media. 2025. https:\/\/www.acr.org\/Clinical-Resources\/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference\/Contrast-Manual"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/medscience.2024.09.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Ensuring quality information for patients: development and preliminary validation of a new instrument to improve the quality of written health care information","volume":"7","author":"Moult B","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moult B, Franck LS, Brady H. Ensuring quality information for patients: development and preliminary validation of a new instrument to improve the quality of written health care information. Heal Expect an Int J public Particip Heal care Heal policy 2004; 7: 165\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1369-7625.2004.00273.x","journal-title":"Heal Expect an Int J public Particip Heal care Heal policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede Okunabilirli\u011fin \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi","volume":"58","author":"Ate\u015fman E","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ate\u015fman E. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede Okunabilirli\u011fin \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi. Dil Derg 1997; 58: 71\u201374.","journal-title":"Dil Derg"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Metinlerin okunabilirli\u011finin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine bir yazilim k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e i\u00e7in yeni bir okunabilirlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc","volume":"12","author":"Bezirci B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bezirci B, Y\u0131lmaz AE. Metinlerin okunabilirli\u011finin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine bir yazilim k\u00fct\u00fcphanesi ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e i\u00e7in yeni bir okunabilirlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc. Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Fak\u00fcltesi Fen ve M\u00fchendislik Derg 2010; 12: 49\u201362.","journal-title":"Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Fak\u00fcltesi Fen ve M\u00fchendislik Derg"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1686090"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Evaluating text and visual diagnostic capabilities of large language models on questions related to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Atlas 5(th) edition","volume":"31","author":"G\u00fcne\u015f YC","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00fcne\u015f YC, Cesur T, \u00c7amur E, et al. Evaluating text and visual diagnostic capabilities of large language models on questions related to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System Atlas 5(th) edition. Diagn Interv Radiol 2025; 31: 111\u2013129.","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31251-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01802-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-024-01981-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","first-page":"e58603","article-title":"Evaluating Turkish Readability and Quality of Strabismus-Related Websites","volume":"16","author":"Er A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Er A, Ay IE, Horozo\u011flu Ceran T. Evaluating Turkish Readability and Quality of Strabismus-Related Websites. 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