{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:50:13Z","timestamp":1781013013799,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a common animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). C57BL\/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein exhibit chronic disease course, together with optic neuritis, consisting of demyelination\/axonal loss of the optic nerve. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p> To characterize functional and structural visual damages in two different phases of EAE: pre- and post-motor onset. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Visual alterations were detected with Visual Evoked Potential (VEP), Electroretinogram (ERG) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Optic nerve histology was performed at 7 (pre-motor onset) or 37 (post-motor onset) days post-immunization (dpi). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> At 7\u2009dpi, optic nerve inflammation was similar in EAE eyes with and without VEP latency delay. Demyelination was detected in EAE eyes with latency delay (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), while axonal loss (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and ERG b-wave amplitude (p\u2009=\u20090.004) were decreased in EAE eyes without latency delay compared to Healthy controls. At 37\u2009dpi, functional and structural optic nerve damage were comparable between EAE groups, while a decrease of ERG amplitude and NGCC thickness were found in EAE eyes with VEP latency delay detected post-motor onset. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p> Thanks to non-invasive methods, we studied the visual system in a MS model, which could be useful for developing specific therapeutic strategies to target different disease phases. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217320963474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T15:29:08Z","timestamp":1603898948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Functional evolution of visual involvement in experimental autoimmune 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