{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:27:53Z","timestamp":1793726873669,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy \u2013 EXC-2049 \u2013 39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy \u2013 EXC-2049 \u2013 39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["Research Grant \u201cCC-Neuro\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant \u201cCC-Neuro\u201d"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant on Intra"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant on Intra"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Research Grant 16B-1 for Nervous and Mental Disord"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant 16B-1 for Nervous and Mental Disord"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Clinical outcomes in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) vary across different regions. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> To describe clinical profiles in Japanese and German NMOSD patients. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Medical records of aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) positive NMOSD patients from Japan (n\u2009=\u200954) and Germany (n\u2009=\u200938) were retrospectively analyzed. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> The disability status was similar between both cohorts, although Japanese patients had a longer disease duration (13.3\u2009\u00b1\u200911.1 vs. 8.1\u2009\u00b1\u20096.9\u2009years, p\u2009=\u20090.018) but similar relapse rates. Optic neuritis and myelitis were the most frequent attacks in both cohorts. Brain attacks occurred more frequently in Japanese patients (40.7% vs. 15.8%, p\u2009=\u20090.020). The time from disease onset (median [interquartile range] 2.3 [0.3-10.1] vs. 0.6 [0.2-1.9] years, p\u2009=\u20090.009) and the number of attacks (2.5 [1-7] vs. 2 [1-3], p\u2009=\u20090.047) until start of the first immunotherapy were higher in the Japanese cohort. Rituximab was the most common drug in the German cohort (52.6%) and not given in the Japanese cohort (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), where oral prednisolone was the most common drug (92.6% vs. 15.8%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The frequency of autoimmune comorbidities was higher in the German cohort (39.5% vs. 18.5%, p\u2009=\u20090.047). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Compared with Japanese NMOSD patients, German patients presented with similar disability despite shorter disease duration and earlier and more frequent immunosuppressive therapy. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552173211006862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T06:30:57Z","timestamp":1620541857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["AQP4-IgG autoimmunity in Japan and Germany: Differences in clinical profiles and prognosis in seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6289-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Asseyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charite-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charite- Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Bellmann-Strobl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Ruprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Siebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 UUniversit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin, Berlin, 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Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charite \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Schlie\u00dfeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Charite \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charite \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiyuki","family":"Uzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 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