{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T11:09:09Z","timestamp":1778411349192,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis Journal \u2013 Experimental, Translational and Clinical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are rare autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Global prevalence estimates vary widely, and data for Germany are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate NMOSD prevalence, incidence, diagnostic settings, comorbid coding with multiple sclerosis (MS), and treatment patterns in Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed German BARMER health insurance claims data (approximately 9 million persons; 2015\u20132022). NMOSD cases were identified by ICD-10-GM code G36.0. Frequencies, diagnostic settings, comorbid MS coding (G35.-), and treatment patterns (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes) were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 527 incident NMOSD cases (0.82 per 100,000 insured persons per year); 69% were female, and 42% aged 40\u201359 years. Most diagnoses occurred in outpatient care (63%), primarily by neurologists (48%) or general practitioners (28%). Prevalence increased from 2.9 to 4.7 per 100,000 between 2015 and 2022, while NMOSD-specific medication use rose from 16% to 31%. NMOSD and MS codes co-occurred in 64% of cases; 49% had concurrent diagnoses within 9 months, and 42% were first diagnosed with MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NMOSD prevalence and incidence in Germany are increasing, with frequent diagnostic overlap with MS. Findings highlight the need for improved diagnostic differentiation and early specialist involvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20552173261419988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:17:13Z","timestamp":1778156233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Germany: A claims data analysis of incidence, prevalence, treatment patterns, and diagnostic overlap with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7998-5310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Grothe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Nettermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00fcnster"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Marschall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Services Research at Barmer, Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00fcnster"},{"name":"Matthias Grothe, \ris currently affiliated with University of Greifswald."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01014-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11634-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241292797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11910-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00501"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231224683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-021-00311-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7169-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06617-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2021.1917421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516663853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12827-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00077-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Aligning payer and provider strategies with the latest evidence to optimize clinical outcomes for patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"28","author":"Wingerchuk DM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG, McCormick D, et al. 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