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With advancements in remote monitoring and Artificial Intelligence, automatic tele-rehabilitation systems that can measure joint angles, recognize exercises, and provide feedback based on movement analysis are being developed. Such platforms can offer valuable information to clinicians for improved care planning. However, with various methods and sensors being used, understanding their pros, cons, and performance is important. This paper reviews and compares the performance of recent vision-based, wearable, and pressure-sensing technologies used in lower limb tele-rehabilitation systems over the past 10\u00a0years (from 2014 to 2023). We selected studies that were published in English and focused on joint angle estimation, activity recognition, and exercise assessment. Vision-based approaches were the most common, accounting for 42% of studies. Wearable technology followed at approximately 37%, and pressure-sensing technology appeared in 21% of studies. Identified gaps include a lack of uniformity in reported performance metrics and evaluation methods, a need for cross-subject validation, inadequate testing with patients and older adults, restricted sets of exercises evaluated, and a scarcity of comprehensive datasets on lower limb exercises, especially those involving movements while lying down.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20556683241259256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T18:13:26Z","timestamp":1717524806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Technological advances in lower-limb tele-rehabilitation: A review of literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4500-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Ettefagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atena","family":"Roshan Fekr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20556683241259256","volume-title":"Telerehabilitation: principles and practice","author":"Alexander M","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr2-20556683241259256","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal lower limb disorders","author":"Osh Wiki","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr3-20556683241259256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info10010003"},{"key":"bibr4-20556683241259256","volume-title":"World population ageing","author":"United Nations Publications","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr5-20556683241259256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2692800"},{"key":"bibr6-20556683241259256","volume-title":"Table 17-10-0005-01 - 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