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We evaluated proof of concept for this hybrid exoskeleton in a stroke survivor by assessing whether: (1) the motor and transmission possess sufficient backdrivability to facilitate effective muscle-generated movements, (2) the motor can independently drive movement, and (3) the combined application of stimulation and motor generate kinematic improvements superior to either modality used in isolation.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The device was evaluated on an ambulatory stroke survivor under four overground walking conditions: (1) without the device, (2) stimulation only while wearing the exoskeleton, (3) motor assistance only, and (4) hybrid stimulated and motorized assistance. A motion capture system was used to obtain lower limb joint angles to assess the differences in each walking condition.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Changes towards neurotypical hip, knee and ankle angles were found between the gait with no device compared to the assistive conditions. Hip-knee cyclograms suggest hybrid assistance most resembled neurotypical gait.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Individually, neural stimulation and motor assistance resulted in improved gait kinematics and hybrid assistance provided greater improvement than each form of individual assistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20556683251329256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T19:49:22Z","timestamp":1742845762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combining neural stimulation and a powered exoskeletal knee to enhance walking after stroke"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-2563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshaun N","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CWRU"},{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3384-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra K","family":"Hnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"},{"name":"CWRU"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M","family":"Selkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa L","family":"Audu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"},{"name":"CWRU"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J","family":"Triolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"},{"name":"CWRU"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger D","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CWRU"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel S","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center"},{"name":"MetroHealth System"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(96)01063-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/JB16-V04F-JAL5-H1UV"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199610000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60487-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60487-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-6362(95)01055-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2136"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/530906"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","first-page":"201","volume-title":"The spinal cord injured patient","author":"Marsolais EB","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marsolais EB, Triolo RJ, Kobetic R, et al. 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