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A study must have assessed two of spasticity, proprioception, or motor function of the upper limb post-stroke to be included. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to investigate changes in time and strength of correlations between variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty-two studies were included. Over time, spasticity increased (OR = 0.5, p = 0.0475); proprioception and motor function impairments decreased (OR = 3.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001; OR = 3.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001, respectively). The correlation between spasticity and proprioception was weak (r = 0.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0283); between proprioception and motor function was moderate (r = 0.45,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001); and between spasticity and motor function was moderate (r = 0.55,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the limitation of heterogeneity in the available evidence, relationships between variables were illustrated. Moderate correlations between proprioception and both spasticity and motor function suggest proprioception should be an important target for personalised rehabilitation interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20556683251372085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T16:24:18Z","timestamp":1758126258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing and quantifying the interactions between spasticity, proprioception, and motor function of the upper limb after stroke: A meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8520-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine","family":"Usher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Engineering and Technology, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9130-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqui","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7801-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Aranceta-Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Engineering and Technology, University of Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138945007781077418"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2020.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00485-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90389-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2010.00149"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508090674"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309345267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7033-4_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"Hong QN Pluye P F\u00e0bregues S et al. 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