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Despite the need for high-quality, functional prostheses, many individuals, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, lack access to affordable, customized prostheses. 3D printing offers a promising approach to address these gaps by enabling lower-cost, highly personalized prosthetic fabrication. This narrative review examines the current state of 3D printing in prosthetics, with a focus on upper limb prostheses, socket design, and terminal attachments. Although 3D printing has been used to produce functional prostheses, particularly in non-regulated settings, clinical adoption remains limited due to concerns regarding safety, durability, and a lack of high-quality evidence. This review highlights the advantages of 3D printing, including cost-effectiveness, customization, and accessibility, while also addressing key limitations such as material performance, regulatory challenges, and insufficient clinical validation. Future research priorities include rigorous clinical trials and performance testing to establish non-inferiority compared with conventional prostheses and to support broader clinical integration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20556683261448197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:43:46Z","timestamp":1777891426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D printing and prostheses: The current state-of-the-art and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Stauffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"},{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neural Engineering Laboratory"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7453-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan W.","family":"Brantly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"},{"name":"Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dylan W.","family":"Beam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neural Engineering Laboratory"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"},{"name":"The Accessible Prosthetics Initiative"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3966-4464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neural Engineering Laboratory"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goeran","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Accessible Prosthetics Initiative"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee E","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"},{"name":"Rehabilitation and Neural Engineering Laboratory"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh"},{"name":"Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"100376","article-title":"Estimating Recent US Limb Loss Prevalence and Updating Future Projections","volume":"6","author":"Rivera JA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rivera JA, Churovich K, Anderson AB, et al. 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