{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:55:04Z","timestamp":1777499704266,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chinese Journal of Sociology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Behavioral problems are recognized as playing a potentially important role in educational attainment, but their function in contexts of extreme poverty is not well understood. In such settings, other factors might swamp any effects of children\u2019s behavioral problems. Further, the interpretation of behavioral problems in circumstances of deep poverty is not clear: problematic behaviors might be in part a direct function of adverse experiences in childhood. In this paper, we focus on the case of 2000 rural youth sampled in the year 2000 from 100 villages in Gansu, one of China\u2019s poorest provinces, and followed up through 2015. We investigate whether behavioral problems\u2014internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and teacher-reported behavior problems\u2014predict subsequent educational attainment among the rural poor, and consider the contributions of cumulative adversity to behavioral problems. Results in a high-poverty context where promotion decisions are closely tied to performance show that behavioral factors are linked to long-term educational outcomes. These results are robust to adjustment for a host of individual, family, and community context variables. There is some evidence that children in higher socioeconomic status families and in more developed communities are less vulnerable to experiencing behavioral problems. While girls are slightly less vulnerable to experiencing teacher-reported behavior problems than boys, there is no gender difference in the implications of behavioral problems for educational attainment. Finally, behavioral problems do not appear to operate simply as a proxy for measured family adversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2057150x17736664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]],"date-time":"2017-11-13T07:27:02Z","timestamp":1510558022000},"page":"491-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cumulative adversity, childhood behavioral problems, and educational mobility in China\u2019s poorest rural communities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Wensong","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Chung","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hannum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"},{"name":"Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2057150X17736664","volume-title":"Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile","author":"Achenbach TM","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr2-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424"},{"key":"bibr3-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2012.10.001"},{"key":"bibr4-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027493"},{"key":"bibr5-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520330597"},{"key":"bibr6-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000416"},{"key":"bibr7-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3006177"},{"key":"bibr8-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Carneiro P, Crawford C and Goodman A (2007)\n                      The Impact of Early Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills on Later Outcomes\n                      . London: Centre for the Economics of Education, London School of Economics. Available at: http:\/\/cee.lse.ac.uk\/cee%20dps\/ceedp92.pdf (accessed 14 November 2016)."},{"key":"bibr9-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Chen LY (2008) The Research on the Correlation of Primary and Middle School Student\u2019s Behavioral Problems and Environmental Factors. Masters thesis. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"bibr10-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"China National Bureau of Statistics (2011a) Gross Regional Product by Three Strata of Industry (2010): Tables 2\u201315. In: China Statistics Yearbook 2011. Available at: http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/ndsj\/2011\/html\/C0215E.xls (accessed 11 May 2014)."},{"key":"bibr11-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"China National Bureau of Statistics (2011b) Per Capita Net Income of Rural Households by Region: Tables 10\u201321. China Statistics Yearbook 2011. Available at: http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/ndsj\/2011\/html\/J1021e.xls (accessed 12 May 2014)."},{"key":"bibr12-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2008.09.003"},{"key":"bibr14-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025413503421"},{"key":"bibr15-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00128"},{"key":"bibr16-2057150X17736664","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Whither Opportunity?: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children\u2019s Life Chances","author":"Duncan GJ","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr17-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00337"},{"key":"bibr18-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199769100.013.0017","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Poverty and Child Development","author":"Farah MJ","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr19-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.29.010202.100023"},{"key":"bibr20-2057150X17736664","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Whither Opportunity?: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children\u2019s Life Chances","author":"Farkas G","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr21-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00387.x"},{"key":"bibr22-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Gansu Bureau of Statistics (2011)\n                      Gansu Statistical Yearbook 2011\n                      (In Chinese) Lanzhou, China: China Statistics Press. Available at: http:\/\/chinadataonline.org\/member\/yearbooknew\/yearbook\/Aayearbook.aspx?ybcode=F88F0ED0C6279E705201326F77418C66&key=en (accessed 13 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr23-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2112706"},{"key":"bibr24-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Georgiadis A (2017)\n                      Parental background and child human capital development throughout childhood and adolescence: Evidence from four low- and middle-income countries.\n                      Working Paper 164. Young Lives. Oxford: University of Oxford. Available at: http:\/\/www.younglives.org.uk\/sites\/www.younglives.org.uk\/files\/YL-WP164-Georgiadis%20(1).pdf (accessed 15 December 2016)."},{"key":"bibr25-2057150X17736664","first-page":"146","volume":"1","author":"Halpern-Felsher BL","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neighborhood Poverty"},{"key":"bibr26-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Hausmann R, Zahidi S, Tyson L, et al. (2009) The Global Gender Gap Report 2009, World Economic Forum. Available at: http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf (accessed 13 November 2016)."},{"key":"bibr28-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023277413027"},{"key":"bibr29-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025711525255"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr30-2057150X17736664","first-page":"366","volume":"14","author":"Li CF","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Behavioral Medical Science"},{"key":"bibr31-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2004.tb00003.x"},{"key":"bibr32-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Liu XD (2003) Parenting practices and the psychological adjustment of children in rural China.\n                      Gansu Survey of Children, and Families Dissertations. 2\n                      . Available at: http:\/\/repository.upenn.edu\/gansu_dissertations\/2 (accessed 14 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr33-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023678"},{"key":"bibr34-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053252"},{"key":"bibr35-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240406900502"},{"key":"bibr36-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/210137"},{"key":"bibr38-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez MV and Sbrana G (2009)\n                      Determinants of education attainment and development goals in Yemen\n                      . Prepared for the project Assessing Development Strategies to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region, UNDP-RBAS, UN-DESA and World Bank. Available at: www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/policy\/capacity\/yemen (accessed 14 January 2017)."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr39-2057150X17736664","first-page":"40","volume":"32","author":"Shen J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"bibr40-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.046"},{"key":"bibr41-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Song XQ (2010) Risk factors and integrated intervention study on the problem behavior of junior high school students. PhD thesis. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"bibr42-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.054"},{"key":"bibr43-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2117758"},{"key":"bibr44-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"The Economist (2011) Comparing Chinese provinces with countries: All the parities in China. Available at: www.economist.com\/content\/chinese_equivalents (accessed 14 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr45-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2015.06.022"},{"key":"bibr49-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2005) Population and family planning in China by province: Gansu province. Available at: www.unescap.org\/esid\/psis\/population\/database\/chinadata\/gansu.htm (accessed 21 October 2005)."},{"key":"bibr46-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"US Bureau of the Census (2010) Country Rankings 2010. International Programs\u2009-\u2009Country Rankings\u2009\u2013\u2009U.S. Census Bureau. Available at: www.census.gov\/population\/international\/data\/countryrank\/rank.php (accessed 13 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr47-2057150X17736664","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136504"},{"key":"bibr48-2057150X17736664","unstructured":"Zhou SY (2011) A research on behavior and emotional difficulties of school-aged children aged 7 to 10 and the relationship to academic achievement. Masters thesis. Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China."}],"container-title":["Chinese Journal of Sociology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2057150X17736664","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2057150X17736664","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2057150X17736664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:12:56Z","timestamp":1777389176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2057150X17736664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2057150X17736664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2057150x17736664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-150X","2057-1518"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-150X","type":"print"},{"value":"2057-1518","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}}}