{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:48:40Z","timestamp":1789753720156,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Prim Care Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV testing is a cornerstone of prevention and care, yet disparities in testing uptake persist across populations. Traditional statistical approaches may not fully capture the non-linear interactions among sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related factors influencing HIV testing. This study used explainable AI in addition to traditional epidemiological methods to identify determinants of lifetime HIV testing among adults in Tennessee, United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study applied both traditional epidemiological and machine learning (ML) techniques to predict lifetime HIV testing among 4911 (4\u2009897\u2009471 weighted) adults in Tennessee using the 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) dataset. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and health-related characteristics were examined. A set of ML algorithms were trained using an 80\/20 stratified train\u2013test split, with fivefold stratified cross-validation applied within the training data. Model performance was evaluated on the unresampled test set using relevant metrics. SHAP and LIME were used for model interpretability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The weighted prevalence of lifetime HIV testing was 38.8% among adults in Tennessee. Across ML models, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) demonstrated the strongest overall discriminatory performance achieving the highest AUROC (0.718), PR-AUC (0.583), competitive performance across accuracy (0.694), precision (0.595), recall (0.447), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                      1-score (0.511). The most influential predictors include age group, smoking status, veteran status, race\/ethnicity, mental health status, marital status, income group, education level, physical health status, and sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ML algorithms, particularly XGBoost, provide a robust and interpretable framework for predicting HIV testing behaviors in population-based survey data. Integrating ML with explainable AI methods can improve surveillance, support targeted interventions, and inform data-driven public health strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319261428986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:06:58Z","timestamp":1773724018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leveraging Explainable AI to Identify Determinants of Lifetime HIV Testing Among Adults in Tennessee, United States: Evidence for Targeted Public Health Strategies From BRFSS 2023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2551-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustapha Aliyu","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East Tennessee State University, College of Public Health, Johnson City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bless-me","family":"Ajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Tennessee State University, College of Public Health, Johnson City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamilu","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5991-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Mustaf","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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