{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:05:16Z","timestamp":1785773116442,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Education Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KOD SO 14218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KOD SO 14218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Prim Care Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Lowering the prevalence of mental health illness is one of the main public health concerns. The objective of the present study was to examine factors associated with depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among adults in Malaysia. Methods: Data were extracted from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011 (NHMS 2011), which is a nationally representative sample collected using a 2-stage stratified sampling method. A bivariate probit model was utilized to examine the influences of sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors on the likelihood of suffering from depression and GAD. Results: Age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital status, and self-rated health were significantly associated with depression and GAD. In particular, there were positive relationships between depression and GAD, and younger adults, females, Indian ethnic group, lower level of education, being unmarried, and self-rated poor health. Conclusions: Sociodemographic and health factors were associated with determining the risks of depression and GAD in Malaysia. With this information, future policies (eg, screening and treatment) could be targeted at those at most risk to develop depression and GAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720921738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T03:00:30Z","timestamp":1590462030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, and Health Factors Associated With Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Malaysian Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-7055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Kang","family":"Cheah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Azahadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Health, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siew Nooi","family":"Phang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor Hazilah","family":"Abd Manaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2150132720921738","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental disorders. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs396\/en\/. Accessed November 16, 2016."},{"key":"bibr2-2150132720921738","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental disorders affect one in four people. http:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/2001\/media_centre\/press_release\/en\/. Accessed November 16, 2016."},{"key":"bibr3-2150132720921738","volume-title":"Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr4-2150132720921738","unstructured":"Menon J. Depression on the rise as Malaysians burn out from stress, expert warns. http:\/\/www.themalaymailonline.com\/malaysia\/article\/depression-on-the-rise-as-malaysians-burn-out-from-stress-expert-warns. Accessed November 16, 2016."},{"key":"bibr5-2150132720921738","unstructured":"The Star. More Malaysians expected to suffer from mental illness by 2020. http:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/news\/nation\/2016\/07\/01\/more-malaysians-expected-to-suffer-from-mental-illness-by-2020\/. Accessed November 16, 2016."},{"key":"bibr6-2150132720921738","volume-title":"National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015","author":"Institute for Public Health","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-1683.2003.00080.x"},{"key":"bibr8-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-4458-1-4"},{"key":"bibr9-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-5872.2012.00180.x"},{"key":"bibr10-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095395"},{"key":"bibr11-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004794"},{"key":"bibr12-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630240903495897"},{"key":"bibr13-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.78503"},{"key":"bibr14-2150132720921738","first-page":"31","volume":"27","author":"Milanovic SM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"bibr15-2150132720921738","first-page":"181","volume":"16","author":"Manaf MRA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mal J Pub Health Med"},{"key":"bibr16-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22452\/jummec.vol22no1.6"},{"key":"bibr17-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10823-014-9248-3"},{"key":"bibr18-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0645-7"},{"key":"bibr19-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.9734\/JSRR\/2014\/10369","volume":"3","author":"Ting NK","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sci Res Rep"},{"key":"bibr20-2150132720921738","first-page":"34","volume":"2","author":"Khin TD","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Public Health Clin Sci"},{"key":"bibr21-2150132720921738","unstructured":"Institute for Public Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2011. Putrajaya, Malaysia: Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2011. http:\/\/iku.moh.gov.my\/images\/IKU\/Document\/REPORT\/NHMS2011-VolumeI.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2016."},{"key":"bibr22-2150132720921738","first-page":"14","volume":"6","author":"Pourhoseingholi MA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"bibr23-2150132720921738","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"Naing L","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Orofac Sci"},{"key":"bibr24-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.01.021"},{"key":"bibr25-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.008"},{"key":"bibr26-2150132720921738","volume-title":"Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr27-2150132720921738","unstructured":"Long JS. Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997."},{"key":"bibr28-2150132720921738","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 13.1","author":"StataCorp","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr29-2150132720921738","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000410"},{"key":"bibr30-2150132720921738","first-page":"18","volume":"91","author":"Chiriac VF","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clujul Med"},{"key":"bibr31-2150132720921738","unstructured":"Lin LP, Yee WS, Selamat NW. Anxiety and depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life status among patients with cancer in Terengganu, Malaysia. ASEAN J Psychiatr. 2011;12:1-15. https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/c65a\/4fc9a09e619021938c9d27fa62e6d9dc0fe2.pdf. Accessed April 13, 2020."}],"container-title":["Journal of Primary Care &amp; Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2150132720921738","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2150132720921738","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2150132720921738","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:21:58Z","timestamp":1777508518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2150132720921738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2150132720921738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150132720921738","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-1319","2150-1327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-1319","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-1327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"2150132720921738"}}