{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1777858933845,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Prim Care Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CDC and Illinois Department of Public Health disseminated risk factor criteria for COVID-19 testing early in the pandemic. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of risk stratifying patients for COVID-19 testing and to identify which risk factors and which other clinical variables were associated with SARS-CoV-2 PCR test positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an observational cohort study on a sample of symptomatic patients evaluated at an immediate care setting. A risk assessment questionnaire was administered to every patient before clinician evaluation. High-risk patients received SARS-CoV-2 test and low-risk patients were evaluated by a clinician and selectively tested based on clinician judgment. Multivariate analyses tested whether risk factors and additional variables were associated with test positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The adjusted odds ratio of testing positive was associated with COVID-19-positive or suspect close contact (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.15-2.10), large gathering attendance with a COVID-19-positive individual (aOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.10-3.34), and, with the largest effect size, decreased taste\/smell (aOR 2.83, 95% CI 2.01-3.99). Testing positive was associated with ages 45-64 and \u226565 (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.25-2.44, and aOR 2.78, 95% CI 1.49-5.16), systolic blood pressures \u2264120 (aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.20-2.24), and, with the largest effect size, temperatures \u226599.0\u00b0F (aOR 3.06, 95% CI 2.23-4.20). The rate of positive SARS-CoV-2 test was similar between high-risk and low risk patients (225 [22.2%] vs 50 [19.8%]; P\u2009=\u2009.41).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk assessment questionnaire was not effective at stratifying patients for testing. Although individual risk factors were associated with SARS-CoV-2 test positivity, the low-risk group had similar positivity rates to the high-risk group. Our observations underscore the need for clinicians to develop clinical experience and share best practices and for systems and payors to support policies, funding, and resources to test all symptomatic patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720981297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T14:10:13Z","timestamp":1607609413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Whom Should We Test for COVID-19? Performance of a Symptom and Risk Factor Questionnaire on COVID-19 Test Results and Patient Outcomes in an Immediate Care Setting"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Oshman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA"},{"name":"The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Caplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA"},{"name":"The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raabiah","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lavisha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabeeya","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA"},{"name":"The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Jameel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA"},{"name":"The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2150132720981297","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Public Health. IDPH Interim COVID-19 Guidance. Accessed March 19, 2020. https:\/\/www.dph.illinois.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/COVID19\/20200319_COVID19_Testing%20Authorizati.pdf."},{"key":"bibr2-2150132720981297","unstructured":"Appleby J. Why it takes so long to get most COVID-19 test results. Accessed October 5, 2020. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2020\/03\/28\/822869504\/why-it-takes-so-long-to-get-most-covid-19-test-results."},{"key":"bibr3-2150132720981297","unstructured":"NorthShore becomes first local hospital network to conduct its own COVID-19 testing [Transcript]. WGN TV. March 17, 2020."},{"key":"bibr4-2150132720981297","first-page":"CD013665","volume":"7","author":"Struyf T","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr5-2150132720981297","first-page":"1","volume":"369","author":"Wynants L","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bibr6-2150132720981297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8100100304"},{"key":"bibr7-2150132720981297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1464"},{"key":"bibr8-2150132720981297","unstructured":"Infectious Diseases Society of America. COVID-19 prioritization of diagnostic testing. Accessed October 8, 2020. http:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/globalassets\/idsa\/public-health\/covid-19-prioritization-of-dx-testing.pdf."},{"key":"bibr9-2150132720981297","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence used to update the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person\u2019s risk of severe illness from COVID-19. Accessed November 4, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/evidence-table.html."},{"key":"bibr10-2150132720981297","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control. Older Adults. Accessed November 4, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/older-adults.html."},{"key":"bibr11-2150132720981297","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control. COVID-19 Hospitalization and death by race\/ethnicity. Accessed November 4, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/older-adults.html."}],"container-title":["Journal of Primary Care &amp; Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2150132720981297","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2150132720981297","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2150132720981297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:22:26Z","timestamp":1777508546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2150132720981297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2150132720981297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2150132720981297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-1319","2150-1327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-1319","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-1327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"2150132720981297"}}