{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:14:44Z","timestamp":1787796884852,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a complication that can affect infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). The objective of this study is to determine whether breast milk, which is associated with decreased incidence of NEC in preterm infants, is protective in infants with CHD. Methods: Retrospective case\u2013control study of infants\u2009\u2265\u200933 weeks gestational age with CHD who underwent cardiac surgery during their admission to the Infant Cardiac Unit from 2008 to 2017. Cases were defined as infants with modified Bell's stage\u2009\u2265\u2009II NEC. Controls were matched by date of birth, gestational age, and pre- or postcardiac surgery feed initiation. Results: A total of 926 infants with gestational age\u2009\u2265\u200933 weeks and CHD were admitted; 18 cases of NEC were identified and compared with 84 controls. Breast milk intake was higher in controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. Single ventricle (SV) physiology was identified as an independent risk factor for NEC by multivariable analysis. Analysis of infants with SV physiology demonstrated that median age at time of surgery was 9 days (interquartile range [IQR], 7-12) in NEC cases and 5 days (IQR, 4-9) in controls ( P\u2009=\u2009.02). Conclusions: While this study is inconclusive with regard to feeding composition and risk of NEC in infants with CHD, the trend toward greater intake of breast milk in the control group suggests that breast milk may be protective for these infants. Infants with SV physiology are at high risk for NEC. Earlier time to stage I palliation may be a modifiable risk factor for NEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351241247514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T18:58:39Z","timestamp":1721761119000},"page":"731-737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Breast Milk and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Congenital Heart Disease: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1186-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Christian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital\/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 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