{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:29:05Z","timestamp":1792024145935,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with morbidity and mortality in children following congenital cardiac surgery. Our center performs approximately 200 congenital surgeries a year, but infection rates and risk factors remain unknown. This study aims to identify HAI prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cross-sectional study of children who underwent congenital cardiac surgery between 2018 and 2022. The infection risk factors were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses. Assessed outcomes are length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 653 patients, 102 (15.6%) developed an infection. Independent risk factors for infection included preoperative critical care admission (odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-7), delayed sternal closure (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.37-8.0), peritoneal drain (OR, 12.7; 95% CI, 1.65-97), heterotaxy syndrome (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1-31), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) placement in the critical care unit (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 1.8-64.2). The pediatric critical care and hospital stays of patients with infections were significantly longer with 12.79 (12.15) days versus 4.07(5.47) days and 25.53 (16.86) days versus 10.21 (7.5) days, respectively. Infected patients had a longer mechanical ventilation duration, 169.5 (264.8) versus 28.16 (53.6) hours. Infections were associated with a higher mortality rate, with 7 (6.9%) versus 12 (2.2%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of HAIs following cardiac surgery was 15.6%. Preoperative critical care unit admission, delayed sternal closure, heterotaxy syndrome, peritoneal drain, and ECMO placement in the critical care unit were independent risk factors. Infected patients have worse outcomes. Preventive strategies are greatly needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21501351251315147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T18:03:56Z","timestamp":1741889036000},"page":"761-768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Children After Congenital Heart Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6205-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saif","family":"Awlad Thani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Child Health Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3548-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maroa","family":"Al Sawaaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Al-Athaiba, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2365-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakiya","family":"Al Sinani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Al-Athaiba, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7326-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shadha","family":"Al Muzaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos university, Seeb, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Al Aamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos university, Seeb, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7877-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Husam","family":"Al Balushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos university, Seeb, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5013-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Al Hanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Child Health Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12055-008-0052-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1359"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Open chest management after cardiac operations: outcome and timing of delayed sternal closure","volume":"40","author":"Boeken U","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boeken U, Assmann A, Mehdiani A, Akhyari P, Lichtenberg A. Open chest management after cardiac operations: outcome and timing of delayed sternal closure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40(5):1146-1150.","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01138-w"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"761","article-title":"Postoperative fever and major infections after pediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"95","author":"Vijarnsorn C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vijarnsorn C, Winijkul G, Laohaprasitiporn D, et al. Postoperative fever and major infections after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95(6):761-770.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200010000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/021849230201000411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.09.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4769-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.05.939"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-014-0953-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135121991528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijccm.IJCCM_62_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37616\/2212-5043.1267"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery","volume":"69","author":"Guardia Cam\u00ed MT","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guardia Cam\u00ed MT, Jordan Garc\u00eda I, Urrea Ayala M. Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery. An Pediatr (Barc). 2008;69(1):34-38.","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000069758.00079.d3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199004000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.11.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.002935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2022.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2018.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of nosocomial infections after cardiac surgery in Georgian population with congenital heart diseases","volume":"178","author":"Lomtadze M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lomtadze M, Chkhaidze M, Mgeladze E, Metreveli I, Tsintsadze A. Incidence and risk factors of nosocomial infections after cardiac surgery in Georgian population with congenital heart diseases. Georgian Med News. 2010;178:7-11.","journal-title":"Georgian Med News"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2005.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.12.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12395"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Risk factors for sepsis following congenital heart surgery","volume":"25","author":"Yavuz Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yavuz Y, Yurtseven N, Aydemir NA, Korun O, \u015eim\u015fek Yavuz S. Risk factors for sepsis following congenital heart surgery. GKDA Anest Yok Bak Dern Derg. 2019;25(2):85-95.","journal-title":"GKDA Anest Yok Bak Dern Derg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-03908-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659118766436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.04.024"}],"container-title":["World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/21501351251315147","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/21501351251315147","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/21501351251315147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:27:20Z","timestamp":1777591640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/21501351251315147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/21501351251315147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21501351251315147","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-1351","2150-136X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-1351","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-136X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]}}}