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This process occurs via transdifferentiation, dedifferentiation, or transitional plasticity, driven by transcriptional, epigenetic, and microenvironmental cues, which may be achieved by physiological or pathological stressors\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or genetic or chemical strategies\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Nevertheless, challenges persist, including low reprogramming efficiency, unstable phenotype, and safety concerns. Advancements in multi-omics, gene editing, and chemical biology are enhancing the efficacy of reprogramming protocols and facilitating clinical translatability. The integration of these strategies, in conjunction with artificial intelligence-driven screening and single-cell analytics, has the potential to facilitate the development of personalized cell therapies for cancers, immune disorders, and regenerative medicine. 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