{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1777374627036,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Allergy\ufffdRhinol (Providence)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) has infected many individuals worldwide and continues to pose a significant threat to those with weakened immune systems. The data evaluating the clinical outcomes of patients with humoral immunodeficiencies that contract COVID-19 is limited and conflicting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infections in patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency and compare results to current literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort review on 15 patients with a humoral immunodeficiency defined as Common Variable Immunodeficiency, Specific Antibody Deficiency, or unspecified hypogammaglobulinemia, who contracted COVID-19. Severity scores were determined to evaluate the clinical outcomes of these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of our 15-patient cohort, 33% of individuals with a humoral immunodeficiency infected with COVID-19 had moderate to severe disease, requiring hospitalization or resulting in death. COVID-19 mortality rate was found to be 7%. All 5 of our patients with severe COVID-19 infection had at least 1 comorbidity or risk factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within our cohort of humoral immunodeficient patients infected with COVID-19, we found a higher rate of moderate to severe COVID-19 infection and worse clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with comorbidities or risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21526575221096044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T02:31:59Z","timestamp":1650940319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Humoral Immunodeficiency: A Case Series and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3214-2970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maaz","family":"Jalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julianne","family":"Pietras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed N.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2474-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuong","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hostoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Allergy\/Immunology Associates Inc., Mayfield Heights, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2146"},{"key":"bibr2-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.06.006"},{"key":"bibr3-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.04.033"},{"key":"bibr4-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.08.017"},{"key":"bibr5-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.11.006"},{"key":"bibr6-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-021-00600-y"},{"key":"bibr7-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1957144"},{"key":"bibr8-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01150-z"},{"key":"bibr9-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.09.010"},{"key":"bibr10-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.09.052"},{"key":"bibr11-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-021-00518-5"},{"key":"bibr12-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.09.020"},{"key":"bibr13-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.614086"},{"key":"bibr14-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00928-x"},{"key":"bibr15-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.620"},{"key":"bibr16-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00758-x"},{"key":"bibr17-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"bibr18-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585"},{"key":"bibr19-21526575221096044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122635"},{"key":"bibr20-21526575221096044","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Aleem A"}],"container-title":["Allergy &amp; 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