{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:19:08Z","timestamp":1791656348707,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH T32","award":["T32HL105349 and T32HL007457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL105349 and T32HL007457"]}]},{"name":"Fulbright Foreign Support Scholarship","award":["PS00329197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PS00329197"]}]},{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) through the Diabetes Research Center and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center, supported by the National Institutes of Health","award":["DK079626 and DK056336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK079626 and DK056336"]}]},{"name":"American Heart Association\u2019s Strategically Focused Research Network on Obesity","award":["17SFRN336101011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17SFRN336101011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Childhood Obesity"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined the association between maternal postpartum weight retention (PPWR) and child BMI\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score, assessed whether this relationship was modified by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure to maternal overweight\/obesity or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and evaluated the relative contributions of gestational weight gain (GWG) and postdelivery weight change (PDWC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This secondary analysis used data from the Health After Pregnancy (HAPi) Study and included 219 mother\u2013child dyads. Dyads were classified into three groups based on maternal weight status and GDM during the index pregnancy: normal weight without GDM (NW-No GDM), overweight\/obese without GDM (Ow\/Ob-No GDM), and overweight\/obese with GDM (GDM). PPWR was defined as maternal weight measured 4\u201310 years postpartum minus baseline pregnancy weight. GWG and PDWC were examined as components of PPWR. Adjusted moderation models tested whether associations between maternal weight change measures and child BMI\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score differed by exposure group, overall and stratified by child sex.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Maternal PPWR was associated with child BMI\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012), and this association differed by exposure group (interaction\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.030). Greater PPWR was associated with higher child BMI\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score in the NW-No GDM and Ow\/Ob-No GDM groups, but not in the GDM group. GWG, but not PDWC, showed a similar pattern. The PPWR-exposure interaction was significant among girls (interaction\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), but not boys.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The association between maternal PPWR and child BMI\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score differed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure group and was driven primarily by GWG, highlighting pregnancy as a potential intervention window.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21532176261486981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:01:21Z","timestamp":1789041681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations of Maternal Postpartum Weight Retention and Its Components With Child BMI\n                    <i>z<\/i>\n                    -Score by\n                    <i>In Utero<\/i>\n                    Exposure to Maternal Overweight\/Obesity and Gestational Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-494X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Mensah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alysha B.","family":"Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla H.","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia E.","family":"Fouts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen L.","family":"Hoelscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne E.","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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