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Metabolic dysregulation, induced by diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and various hormone imbalances, can disrupt each phase of wound repair, increasing the risk of post-operative complications, infection, wound dehiscence, and pathological scarring. We review the current evidence on the role of metabolic regulation in wound healing and highlight clinically relevant considerations for patient care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Advances:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Animal and human studies have advanced our understanding of how metabolic pathways influence inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast function, and extracellular matrix remodeling during wound healing. These insights have led to the development of novel therapies, including hormone-based topical agents and dressings that both sense and modulate metabolites during wound healing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Critical Issues:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite growing recognition of the role of metabolic syndromes and hormonal regulation in wound healing, these factors are insufficiently integrated into clinical wound management. Bridging this gap requires a clear understanding of how metabolic syndromes and hormonal derangements influence healing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future Directions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The continued development of treatments that modulate metabolic and hormonal pathways may enhance wound healing while minimizing systemic risk. Clinicians should also integrate local metabolic optimization with medical and lifestyle management to create the optimal wound healing environment for patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21621918261438987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T01:45:04Z","timestamp":1775871904000},"page":"539-557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic Effects on Wound Healing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7038-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanqi","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle F.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena L.","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danae S.","family":"Kawamoto-Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaden G.","family":"Tarter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah E.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Longaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick C.","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x"},{"issue":"360","key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017-2018","author":"Hales CM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hales CM, , Carroll MD, , Fryar CD, et al. 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