{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:16:41Z","timestamp":1783351001417,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Deafness and Communication Disorders","award":["R21-DC011643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-DC011643"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Glob Adv Health Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While recent health-care trends rely on activated patients, few studies report direct observations of how to engage and activate patients to be full participants in their own health care. The interpersonal processes and communication strategies used in integrative health coaching (IHC) may offer important insight into how clinicians can help patients step into a more active learning model rather than more typical passive roles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uses verbatim transcripts of medical patients\u2019 first few IHC sessions to identify the actual processes used to help patients embrace this more active learning role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A thematic analysis was conducted of 72 verbatim transcripts from IHC sessions of 26 patients with severe dysfunction from tinnitus. The patients participated in 6\u2009months of IHC as part of a larger integrative intervention in a randomized, controlled pilot designed to assess feasibility for a larger randomized, controlled trial on the clinical effectiveness of an integrative intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four themes emerged: (1) Describing the Health Coaching Process to patients; (2) Using Key Procedures for Action Planning\u2014optimal health future self-visualization, Wheel of Health, and exploration of the gap between current and desired states to help patients set goals for themselves; (3) Supporting Action and Building Momentum\u2014the creation and support of action steps with frequent reinforcement of self-efficacy; and (4) Active Listening and Inviting the Patient to Articulate Learning\u2014coaches\u2019 active listening process included reflection, clarifying questions, turning patient questions back to the patients, highlighting values, identifying potential barriers and resources, and inviting patients to articulate what they were learning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The processes identified in IHC incorporate key principles of adult learning theory and engage patients\u2019 innate resources of goal orientation, self-direction, and intrinsic motivation. These interpersonal processes help patients embrace a more active learning role, with implications for patient engagement in other clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2164956120904662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T05:25:02Z","timestamp":1581485102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Engaging Patients in their Health Care: Lessons From a Qualitative Study on the Processes Health Coaches Use to Support an Active Learning Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Karen L","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Psychological Counseling, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Vicidomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Psychological Counseling, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reese","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Psychological Counseling, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth Q","family":"Wolever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2013.042"},{"key":"bibr2-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2013.034"},{"key":"bibr3-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawson K, Moore M, Clark MM, Link S, Wolever RQ. 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Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2019: 299\u2013310.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315201108-24"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr4-2164956120904662","first-page":"851","volume":"58","author":"Bissell P","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"key":"bibr5-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.15.1909"},{"key":"bibr6-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2007.00477.x"},{"key":"bibr7-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2010.02.002"},{"key":"bibr8-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.691"},{"key":"bibr9-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.0159"},{"key":"bibr10-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.34"},{"key":"bibr11-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gm533"},{"key":"bibr12-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2017.11.017"},{"key":"bibr13-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolever RQ, Kane RJ, Hazelton AG, Bechard EM, Tucci DL. Integrative Medicine for Significant Dysfunction from Tinnitus: Treatment Rationale and Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.\n                      Advances in Integrative Medicine\n                      , 2019. doi: 10.1016\/j.aimed.2019.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aimed.2019.04.005"},{"key":"bibr14-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140029007"},{"key":"bibr15-2164956120904662","volume-title":"Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods","author":"Patton MQ.","year":"2002","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr16-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857020093"},{"key":"bibr17-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"bibr18-2164956120904662","volume-title":"An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative Data Analysis","author":"Miles MB","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr19-2164956120904662","unstructured":"NVivo10.\n                      Melbourne, Australia: QSR International Pty Ltd; 2014."},{"key":"bibr20-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2017.02.007"},{"key":"bibr21-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2013.026"},{"key":"bibr22-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2010.10.003"},{"key":"bibr23-2164956120904662","volume-title":"Handbook of Self-Determination Research","author":"Deci EL","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr24-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68"},{"key":"bibr25-2164956120904662","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Handbook of Self-Determination Research","author":"Sheldon KM.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr26-2164956120904662","volume-title":"How to Be a Health Coach: An Integrative Wellness Approach","author":"Jordan P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr27-2164956120904662","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.006"},{"key":"bibr28-2164956120904662","volume-title":"Motivational Interviewing in Groups","author":"Wagner CC","year":"2013","edition":"1"}],"container-title":["Global Advances in Health and Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2164956120904662","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2164956120904662","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2164956120904662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:35:08Z","timestamp":1777444508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2164956120904662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2164956120904662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2164956120904662","relation":{},"ISSN":["2164-957X","2164-9561"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2164-957X","type":"print"},{"value":"2164-9561","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"2164956120904662"}}