{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:40:15Z","timestamp":1777646415316,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Glob Adv Health Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of deaths globally. Currently, there are limited high-quality data on the epidemiology and usefulness of community-based screening and treatment of NCDs in low-to-middle-income countries (LMIC), like Nepal. We describe the protocol of a community-based, longitudinal epidemiological study of screening and management of NCDs in rural Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We organize monthly mobile health clinics to screen NCDs among 40- to 75-year-old residents from municipal subdivision wards 3, 4, 6, and 7 of Ghorahi submetropolitan city, Dang, Nepal (approximately 406 km west of the capital, Kathmandu). We estimate a total of 7052 eligible participants. After obtaining informed consent, trained personnel will collect sociodemographic and lifestyle data, medical, medication, and family history using validated questionnaires, plus anthropometric measures and capillary glucose levels. We will screen for hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, tobacco and alcohol use, self-reported physical activity, dietary habits, cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, cancer, and chronic kidney disease. We will also check hemoglobin A1C, lipid panel, serum creatinine, sodium, potassium, urine dipstick, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in high-risk participants. We will offer lifestyle counseling, pharmacotherapy or refer to higher level care, where appropriate; routinely follow participants with NCDs for continuity of care; and follow individuals without NCDs but with elevated glucose, prehypertension or other risk factors every year, and those without risk factors every 2\u2009years. We will monitor participants in the community to reduce attrition and to track all-cause and disease-specific mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the community burden of NCDs in resource-limited setting and testing effectiveness of community-based screening and management of NCDs will provide insights to develop national policy to address NCD burden in LMIC like Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2164956120917379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T06:56:03Z","timestamp":1586242563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Study, Design, and Rationale of Noncommunicable Diseases in Nepal (NCD Nepal) Study: A Community-Based Prospective Epidemiological and Implementation Study in Rural Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagan","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"Shreegaun Primary Health Care Center, Dang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"Shreegaun Primary Health Care Center, Dang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Medicine\/Nephrology, Kidney Specialists of the Palm Beach, Palm Beach, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bishal","family":"Belbase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karma Health, Dang, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bronx Care Health System, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Drona","family":"Pandeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Sonic Healthcare, Clinical Pathology Laboratories, Austin, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shatakshi","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Star Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sulochana","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gorakh","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biraj","family":"Karmacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal"},{"name":"Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madan Raj","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Spertus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Luke\u2019s Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Neupane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nepal Development Society, Chitwan, Nepal"},{"name":"Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lava","family":"Timsina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"Centers of Outcomes Research in Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yashashwi","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Foundation Nepal, Lalitpur, Nepal"},{"name":"America Nepal Medical Foundation, New York, USA"},{"name":"Saint Luke\u2019s Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri Kansas City, Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2164956120917379","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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