{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:55:11Z","timestamp":1791489311556,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Workplace Health Saf"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type II (customer-on-worker) workplace violence (WPV) against nurses and its underreporting are ongoing safety and health challenges in health care. The COVID-19 pandemic has strained patients and nurses and, in turn, may have increased WPV. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe and compare a sample of nurses\u2019 reported prevalence of Type II WPV and their reporting of these events during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from an online survey of registered nurses ( N = 373) working in hospitals were included. Prevalence was calculated for physical violence and verbal abuse, and their reporting of these events, including the experience of violence between nurses who did and did not care for patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 44.4% and 67.8% of the nurses reported experiencing physical violence and verbal abuse, respectively, between February and May\/June 2020. Nurses who provided care for patients with COVID-19 experienced more physical violence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.30, 3.67]) and verbal abuse (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI = [1.22, 3.61]) than nurses who did not care for these patients. One in 10 nurses felt reporting the incident was more difficult during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/Application to Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant proportion of nurses who cared for patients with COVID-19 experienced more physical violence and verbal abuse, and more difficulty in reporting to management. As the pandemic continues, health care organizations need to recognize that workers may be at an elevated risk for experiencing WPV and may be less likely to report, resulting in an urgent need for prevention efforts on their part.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21650799211031233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,4]],"date-time":"2021-08-04T01:34:47Z","timestamp":1628040887000},"page":"412-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Nurses\u2019 Experience With Type II Workplace Violence and Underreporting During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4095-3108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Do","family":"Byon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knar","family":"Sagherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee, Knoxville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Lipscomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Nursing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Crandall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linsey","family":"Steege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnetz J. E., Goetz C. M., Arnetz B. B., Arble E. (2020). Nurse reports of stressful situations during the COVID-19 pandemic: Qualitative analysis of survey responses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17218126","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218126"},{"key":"bibr2-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079915574684"},{"key":"bibr3-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000482"},{"key":"bibr4-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birkmeyer J. D., Barnato A., Birkmeyer N., Bessler R., Skinner J. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions in the United States: Study examines trends in US hospital admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Affairs, 39(11), 2010\u20132017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00980","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00980"},{"key":"bibr5-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumenthal D., Fowler E. J., Abrams M., Collins S. R. (2020). Covid-19\u2014implications for the health care system. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(15), 1483\u20131488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsb2021088","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2021088"},{"key":"bibr6-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079920910758"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr7-21650799211031233","first-page":"293","volume":"11","author":"Howard J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"bibr8-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi Z., Fereidouni Z., Behnammoghadam M., Alimohammadi N., Mousavizadeh A., Salehi T. Mirzaee S. (2020). The lived experience of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in Iran: A phenomenological study. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 13, 1271\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S258785","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S258785"},{"key":"bibr9-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.07.010"},{"key":"bibr10-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J., Gan Y., Jiang H., Li L., Dwyer R., Lu K., Yan S., Sampson O., Xu H., Wang C. (2019). Prevalence of workplace violence against healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 76(12), 927\u2013937. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105849"},{"key":"bibr11-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luttik M. L., Maher-Imhof R., Garcia-Vivar C., Br\u00f8dsgaard A., Dieperrink K. B., Imhof L. \u00d8stergaard B., Svavarsdottir E. K., Konradsen H. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: A family affair. Journal of Family Nursing, 26(2), 87\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1074840720920883","DOI":"10.1177\/1074840720920883"},{"key":"bibr12-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15307"},{"key":"bibr13-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKay D., Heisler M., Mishori R., Catton H., Kloiber O. (2020). Attacks against health-care personnel must stop, especially as the world fights COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10239), 1743\u20131745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31191-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31191-0"},{"key":"bibr14-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najafi F., Fallahi-Koshknab M., Ahmadi F., Dalvandi A., Rahgozar M. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of workplace violence against nurses: A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(1\u20132), e116\u2013e128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.13884","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13884"},{"key":"bibr15-21650799211031233","volume-title":"Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for healthcare and social service workers","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr16-21650799211031233","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2016b). Prevention of workplace violence in healthcare and social assistance (Docket No. OSHA\u20142016-0014). U.S. Department of Labor. https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/laws-regs\/federalregister\/2016-12-07"},{"key":"bibr17-21650799211031233","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2017). Enforcement procedures and scheduling for occupational exposure to workplace violence (OSHA Instruction, Directive Number: CPL 02-01-058). 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Journal of Safety Research, 44, 57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2012.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2012.09.004"},{"key":"bibr21-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pompeii L. A., Schoenfisch A. L., Lipscomb H. J., Dement J. M., Smith C. D., Conway S. H. (2016). Hospital workers bypass traditional occupational injury reporting systems when reporting patient and visitor perpetrated (type II) violence. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 59(10), 853\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.22629","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22629"},{"key":"bibr22-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22489"},{"key":"bibr23-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15566"},{"key":"bibr24-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato K., Wakabayashi T., Kiyoshi-Teo H., Fukahori H. (2013). Factors associated with nurses\u2019 reporting of patients\u2019 aggressive behavior: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(10), 1368\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.011"},{"key":"bibr25-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2020.7.48684"},{"key":"bibr26-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.040"},{"key":"bibr27-21650799211031233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.062"},{"key":"bibr28-21650799211031233","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020a). Table R8. 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