{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T11:08:05Z","timestamp":1780916885305,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Workplace Health Saf"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses are enduring unprecedented burden caring for COVID-19 patients. Few studies have reported types of work-related events that lead to occupational stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ICU nurses were recruited at an academic health science center to explore their experiences of caring for COVID-19 patients. Participants were interviewed for 1 hour using open-ended questions. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed using the PTSD Checklist, job satisfaction with a Likert-type scale, and intention to leave their job with a \u201cyes or no\u201d question. Semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software; quantitative data were analyzed using frequencies and means with R 4.0.5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ICU nurse sample comprised nine females and one male, all Caucasian, with a mean age of 26.6 years. Analysis of interview transcripts revealed six recurring themes: Change in Practice, Emotion, Patient\u2019s Family, Isolation, Job Satisfaction, and Public Reaction. Quantitative findings revealed 7 of 10 met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Most participants (7\/10) were \u201csomewhat satisfied\u201d with their job. Five of 10 considered leaving their job in the last 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/Implications for Practice:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the impact stressful pandemic-related patient care has on ICU nurses provides evidence that new policies are needed. Furthermore, qualitative findings provide insight into the best design and deployment of interventions to reduce stress and prevent development of PTSD. More research is needed to understand long-term effects of PTSD and to evaluate strategies to prevent PTSD during stressful emergency surges in intensive care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/21650799211064262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T06:44:43Z","timestamp":1643870683000},"page":"358-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Intensive Care Unit Nurses\u2019 Lived Experiences of Psychological Stress and Trauma Caring for COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1344-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Levi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr2-21650799211064262","unstructured":"American Nurses Association. (2020). What 32,000 nurses want you to know about treating COVID-19. https:\/\/www.nursingworld.org\/~4987e5\/globalassets\/covid19\/ana_covid19infographic_dataset1_20200424-final.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr4-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"bibr5-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2018.1444150"},{"key":"bibr6-21650799211064262","volume-title":"Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it","author":"Colaizzi P. F.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr7-21650799211064262","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr8-21650799211064262","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr9-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2020.102999"},{"key":"bibr10-21650799211064262","unstructured":"Data USA. (2019). Critical care nursing. https:\/\/datausa.io\/profile\/cip\/critical-care-nursing"},{"key":"bibr11-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020601"},{"key":"bibr12-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.11.030"},{"key":"bibr13-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2019.1580686"},{"key":"bibr14-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.616"},{"key":"bibr15-21650799211064262","unstructured":"Gallup Incorporated. (2020, December 22). U.S. ethics ratings rise for medical workers and teachers. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/328136\/ethics-ratings-rise-medical-workers-teachers.aspx"},{"key":"bibr16-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge F., Yuan M., Li Y., Zhang W. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder and alterations in resting heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(1), 9\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu\/10.30773\/pi.2019.0112","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0112"},{"key":"bibr17-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa220"},{"key":"bibr18-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.04.033"},{"key":"bibr19-21650799211064262","volume-title":"Nursing practice: The ethical issues","author":"Jameton A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr20-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733020944453"},{"key":"bibr21-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kackin O., Ciydem E., Aci O. S., Kutlu F. Y. (2020). Experiences and psychosocial problems of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey: A qualitative study. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(2), 158\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu\/10.1177\/0020764020942788","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020942788"},{"key":"bibr22-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2017.08.17"},{"key":"bibr23-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.161354"},{"key":"bibr24-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapum J., Nguyen M., Fredericks S., Lai S., McShane J. (2021). \u201cGoodbye .\u2004.\u2004. through a glass door\u201d: Emotional experiences of working in COVID-19 acute care hospital environments. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research = Revue Canadienne de Recherche en Sciences Infirmieres, 53(1), 5\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu\/10.1177\/0844562120982420","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562120982420"},{"key":"bibr25-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079920971999"},{"key":"bibr26-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2009.00765.x"},{"key":"bibr27-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"bibr28-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4037\/aacnacc2021816"},{"key":"bibr29-21650799211064262","unstructured":"McKinsey Global Institute. (2021). 2021 Future of work in nursing survey. https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/healthcare-systems-and-services\/our-insights\/nursing-in-2021-retaining-the-healthcare-workforce-when-we-need-it-most"},{"key":"bibr30-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.09.015"},{"key":"bibr31-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00451-4"},{"key":"bibr32-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1110"},{"key":"bibr33-21650799211064262","unstructured":"National Center for PTSD. (n.d.). Research on women, trauma and PTSD, U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/treat\/specific\/ptsd_research_women.asp"},{"key":"bibr34-21650799211064262","unstructured":"National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (2017). 2017 National nursing workforce study. https:\/\/www.ncsbn.org\/workforce.htm"},{"key":"bibr35-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000401"},{"key":"bibr36-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCC.0000000000000481"},{"key":"bibr37-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.x"},{"key":"bibr38-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2019.07.007"},{"key":"bibr39-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000207X"},{"key":"bibr40-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2020.100006"},{"key":"bibr41-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15288"},{"key":"bibr42-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02926-2"},{"key":"bibr43-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09697330211003217"},{"key":"bibr44-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.101.3.310"},{"key":"bibr45-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1083"},{"key":"bibr46-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617696853"},{"key":"bibr47-21650799211064262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.03.039"}],"container-title":["Workplace Health &amp; Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/21650799211064262","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/21650799211064262","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/21650799211064262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:57:32Z","timestamp":1777593452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/21650799211064262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/21650799211064262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21650799211064262","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0799","2165-0969"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0799","type":"print"},{"value":"2165-0969","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]}}}