{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:49:51Z","timestamp":1783115391113,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T42OH008422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T42OH008422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 NR016914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 NR016914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Foundation","award":["2018 Medique Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018 Medique Research Grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Workplace Health Saf"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effective management of health emergencies is an important strategy to improve health worldwide. One way to manage health emergencies is to build and sustain national capacities. The Ebola epidemic of 2014 to 2015 resulted in greater infection prevention and control (IPC) capacity in Liberia, but few studies have investigated if and how that capacity was sustained. The purpose of this study was to examine the maintenance of IPC capacity in Liberia after Ebola.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this case study, data were collected via direct observation of nurse practice, semistructured interviews, and document collection. Data were collected in two counties in Liberia. Data were analyzed using directed content and general thematic analysis using codes generated from the safety capital theoretical framework, which describes an organization\u2019s intangible occupational health resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-seven nurses from 12 facilities participated. Ebola was a seminal event in the development of safety capital in Liberia, particularly regarding nurse knowledge of IPC and facilities\u2019 investments in safety. The safety capital developed during Ebola is still being applied at the individual and organizational levels. Tangible resources, including personal protective equipment, however, have been depleted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Application to Practice:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IPC capacity in Liberia had been sustained since Ebola but was threatened by under-investments in physical resources. Donor countries should prioritize sustained support, both financial and technical, in partnership with Liberian leaders. Occupational health nurses participating in disaster response should advocate for long-term investment by donor countries in personal protective equipment, access to water, and clinician training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079921998076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T07:22:49Z","timestamp":1618298569000},"page":"242-251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Infection Prevention and Control in Liberia 5 Years After Ebola: A Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6926-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Jean","family":"Ridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy Witkoski","family":"Stimpfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin Toft","family":"Klar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria Vaughan","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison Patricia","family":"Squires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2165079921998076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernab\u00e9 K. J., Langendorf C., Ford N., Ronat J.B., Murphy R. A. (2017). Antimicrobial resistance in West Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 50(5), 629\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.07.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.07.002"},{"key":"bibr2-2165079921998076","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa\u2014Case counts. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/outbreaks\/2014-west-africa\/case-counts.html"},{"key":"bibr3-2165079921998076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper C., Fisher D., Gupta N., MaCauley R., Pessoa-Silva C. L. (2016). Infection prevention and control of the Ebola outbreak in Liberia, 2014-2015: Key challenges and successes. BMC Medicine, 14, Article 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-015-0548-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0548-4"},{"key":"bibr4-2165079921998076","unstructured":"Egger D., Lipson D., Adams O. (2000). Achieving the right balance: The role of policy-making processes in managing human resources for health problems. World Health Organization. http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66305"},{"key":"bibr5-2165079921998076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh H.F., Shannon S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277\u20131288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732305276687","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"bibr6-2165079921998076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke\u00efta M., Camara A. Y., Traor\u00e9 F., Camara M. E., Kpanamou A., Camara S., Tolno A., Houndjo B., Diallo F., Cont\u00e9 F., Subissi L. (2018). Impact of infection prevention and control training on health facilities during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Guinea. BMC Public Health, 18(1), Article 547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5444-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5444-3"},{"key":"bibr7-2165079921998076","volume-title":"Liberia demographic and health survey 2013","author":"Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare [Liberia], National AIDS Control Program [Liberia], and ICF International","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr8-2165079921998076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez I., Villanueva M. (2011). Safety capital: The management of organizational knowledge on occupational health and safety. Journal of Workplace Learning, 23(1), 56\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13665621111097254","DOI":"10.1108\/13665621111097254"},{"key":"bibr9-2165079921998076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweitzer A., Horn J., Mikolajczyk R. T., Krause G., Ott J. J. (2015). Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet, 386(10003), 1546\u20131555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X"},{"key":"bibr10-2165079921998076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay N., Musa E., Cooper C., Van den Bergh R., Owiti P., Baller A., Siafa T., Woldeyohannes D., Shringarpure K., Gasasira A. (2017). Infection prevention and control in health facilities in post-Ebola Liberia: Don\u2019t forget the private sector! Public Health Action, 7(Suppl. 1), S94\u2013S99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/pha.16.0098","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0098"},{"key":"bibr11-2165079921998076","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2009). Your 5 moments for hand hygiene [Poster]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/infection-prevention-and-control\/your-5-moments-for-hand-hygiene-poster.pdf?sfvrsn=83e2fb0e_2"},{"key":"bibr12-2165079921998076","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2015). Health worker Ebola infections in Liberia, Guinea, and SIerra Leone: A Preliminary Report. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hrh\/documents\/21may2015_web_final.pdf"},{"key":"bibr13-2165079921998076","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2018). The thirteeth general programme of work: 2019-2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/about\/what-we-do\/thirteenth-general-programme-of-work-2019-2023"},{"key":"bibr14-2165079921998076","volume-title":"Case study research and applications: Design and methods","author":"Yin R. K.","year":"2018","edition":"6"}],"container-title":["Workplace Health &amp; Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2165079921998076","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2165079921998076","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2165079921998076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:57:42Z","timestamp":1777593462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2165079921998076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2165079921998076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2165079921998076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0799","2165-0969"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0799","type":"print"},{"value":"2165-0969","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}}}