{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:26:44Z","timestamp":1787149604549,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 114-2221-E-029-032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2221-E-029-032"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 115-2221-E-197-022-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 115-2221-E-197-022-MY2"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSTC NSTC 115-2622-E-197-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC NSTC 115-2622-E-197-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless body area networks (WBANs) became one of the most pioneering technologies in the medical sector and are known for continuous health monitoring and real-time medical data transmission. However, holding a secure WBAN environment is crucial to protect health-sensitive data and patient privacy from various cyber threats. This article serves as a comprehensive survey of potential security risks, focusing on security in WBAN. A detailed taxonomy of possible attacks is introduced, categorizing threats based on fundamental security services: authenticity, integrity, confidentiality, availability, and nonrepudiation. To alleviate these challenges, an in-depth classification of countermeasures has been provided, portraying detection mechanisms and defense strategies. This article emphasizes the need to implement multilayered security frameworks, integrating strong encryption, authentication mechanisms, and advanced anomaly detection mechanisms to safeguard WBAN systems. Moreover, this study serves as a foundation for future research on enhancing resilience in WBAN technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2167647x261475615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1786960815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Extensive Review of Security Challenges in Wireless Body Area Networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Arnab","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Security and Networking, School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Inavolu, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azees","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Security and Networking, School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Inavolu, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun Sekar","family":"Rajasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deptartment of Electronics and communication Engineering, SR University, Warangal, Telangana, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5451-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijayakumar","family":"Pandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Networking and Communications, School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Hung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2014.012214.00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5416354"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5350373"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.013012.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6194389"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaaiss.v6i1.36023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-025-02012-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103503"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.031412.00077"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-010-9571-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-010-0252-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-010-0260-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2010.020510.00058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73821-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2005.1593277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.11.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2006.1632652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2009.2037617"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2422966.2422975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2008.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s26030765"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35784\/acs_7355"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2023.102103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2015.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbcas.2013.2245664"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2022.3175756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2024.3413321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3031484"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpds.2013.145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3180165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2977968"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2021.3097759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3115706"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3026630"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2019.2925071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3028686"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3123456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3077472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40.Bekkour M Alaoui N Saban M et al. Revolutionizing WBAN Networks: A novel encoding method for robust transmission integrity in noisy environments In: 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Computer Vision (ISCV) IEEE: Piscataway NJ; 2024. 1\u20135. 10.1109\/iscv60512.2024.10620097","DOI":"10.1109\/iscv60512.2024.10620097"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2873825"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42.Herculano JF Pereira W. D de Sa AS. An adaptive TDMA approach for improving reliability and performance in WBAN under heterogeneous traffic and interference In: 2022 XII Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC) IEEE: Piscataway NJ; 2022. 1\u20138; doi: 10.1109\/sbesc56799.2022.9964592","DOI":"10.1109\/sbesc56799.2022.9964592"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"43.Badri N Nasraoui L Saidane LA et al. Auction-based time resource allocation for energy harvesting WBAN. In: 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC) IEEE: Piscataway NJ; 2020. 764\u2013769; doi: 10.1109\/iwcmc48107.2020.9148274","DOI":"10.1109\/iwcmc48107.2020.9148274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"44.Kumar S Lami ZF Naser ZL et al. Optimizing Energy Sustainability in wireless body area networks through strategically allocated access windows and elaborate delay analysis. In: 2024 International Conference on Communication Computer Sciences and Engineering (IC3SE) IEEE: Piscataway NJ; 2024907\u2013912; doi: 10.1109\/ic3se62002.2024.10592997","DOI":"10.1109\/ic3se62002.2024.10592997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"45.Alkhayyat A Mahmoud MS. Outage probability reduction through inter-wban cooperation. In: 2019 2nd International Conference on Engineering Technology and Its Applications (IICETA) IEEE: Piscataway NJ; 201973\u201378; doi: 10.1109\/iiceta47481.2019.9012978","DOI":"10.1109\/iiceta47481.2019.9012978"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2024.3355702"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tgcn.2018.2813060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3117928"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"49.Khalilian R Rezai A. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications necessity in Real Time Healthcare. In: 2022 IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC). IEEE: Piscataway NJ; 2022; doi: 10.1109\/isec54952.2022.10025199","DOI":"10.1109\/isec54952.2022.10025199"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2917701"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics7120436"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2019.2901852"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09250-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093539"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","article-title":"Sensor networks in healthcare: Ensuring confidentiality and user anonymity","author":"Mamun S","year":"2019","unstructured":"55.Mamun S. Sensor networks in healthcare: Ensuring confidentiality and user anonymity. WBAN 2019; doi: 10.48550\/arXiv.1910.00991","journal-title":"WBAN"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02560-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-022-00759-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","unstructured":"58.Available from: https:\/\/images.app.goo.gl\/QygCTAxeL8BZ1Ssa7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Security analysis of wireless body area network protocols: A survey","volume":"1","author":"Khedr WI","year":"2023","unstructured":"59.Khedr WI, , Salama A, , Khashaba MM, et al. Security analysis of wireless body area network protocols: A survey. International Journal of Computers and Informatics (Zagazig University) 2023;1:53\u201380.","journal-title":"International Journal of Computers and Informatics (Zagazig University)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23883\/IJRTER.2018.4126.KGLCL"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08969-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan11040067"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An improved method for wireless body area network security and privacy issue in E-healthcare: A survey","volume":"5","author":"Sharn HO","year":"2019","unstructured":"63.Sharn HO, , Dubey N. An improved method for wireless body area network security and privacy issue in E-healthcare: A survey. International Journal of Engineering Science and Advanced Research 2019;5(3):1\u20137.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Science and Advanced Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2011.2156795"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbcas.2018.2824659"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2017.2716344"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","article-title":"Design of IoT based autonomous wireless body area networks to monitor vital signs of COVID-19 patients","volume":"20","author":"Firose M","year":"2024","unstructured":"67.Firose M, , Krishna GSSSSV, , Mohan B, et al. Design of IoT based autonomous wireless body area networks to monitor vital signs of COVID-19 patients. Journal of Electrical Systems 2024;20(3). Available from: https:\/\/journal.esrgroups.org\/jes\/article\/view\/7481","journal-title":"Journal of Electrical Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2025.3607069"}],"container-title":["Big Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2167647X261475615","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2167647X261475615","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2167647X261475615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:46:58Z","timestamp":1787147218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2167647X261475615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2167647X261475615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167647x261475615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-6461","2167-647X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-6461","type":"print"},{"value":"2167-647X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"article-number":"2167647X261475615"}}